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Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach > Diseases Of The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Diseases Of The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two different portions of the pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis (infundibulum is the stalk that connects the gland)

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2
Q

What does growth hormone deficiency manifest?

A

Causes growth disorders in children and leads to abnormal composition in adults.

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3
Q

What does FSH and LH deficiency cause?

A

Causes menstrual disorders, infertility, and decreased sexual function and women, and the loss of secondary sexual characteristics in males.

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4
Q

What does TSH deficiency cause?

A

Causes growth retardation and children and features of hypothyroidism and both adults and children.

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5
Q

What does ACTH deficiency cause?

A

Leads to decreased production of adrenal cortical hormones.

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6
Q

Results from a growth hormone deficiency. Growth retardation may become evident in infancy and persists throughout childhood. Child’s growth curve may range from flat with no growth, to shallow, showing little growth.

A

Pituitary dwarfism

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7
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of pituitary dwarfism?

A

Slow growth for the aged five years, absent or delayed sexual development, in short stature and height for age.

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8
Q

How do you treat pituitary dwarfism?

A

Hormone replacement therapy

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9
Q

Is a rare condition that is usually caused by damage to the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus.

A

Adult growth hormone deficiency

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10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of adult growth hormone deficiency?

A

Increased body fat, reduced exercise capacity, impaired heart function, reduced muscle mass and abnormal lipid profile

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11
Q

How do you treat adult growth hormone deficiency?

A

Hormone replacement therapy

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12
Q

Is a rare condition of growth hormone excess that occurs during childhood. Prior to closure of the epiphyseal growth plate, excess growth hormone stimulates excessive linear growth. Most common cause is benign tumor of the pituitary gland.

A

Gigantism

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13
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of gigantism?

A

Bone length increases rapidly, delayed sexual development

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14
Q

How do you treat gigantism?

A

There is no treatment

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15
Q

A condition that results from excess growth hormones after growth plate fusion has occurred. Most common cause is a pituitary tumor.

A

Acromegaly

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16
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acromegaly?

A

Enlargement of feet, hands, space as bones grow in diameter; soft tissue growth; nose, lips, lower job protrude, and skin thicken.

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17
Q

How do you treat acromegaly?

A

There is no treatment

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18
Q

Decreased secretion or action of ADH results in the syndrome.

A

Diabetes insipidus

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19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia

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20
Q

How do you treat diabetes insipidus?

A

Administer ADH

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21
Q

Which gland regulates the metabolic rate?

A

Thyroid (with thyroxine)

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22
Q

May affect almost all body functions. The severity of this ranges from mild with unrecognized symptoms, to striking symptoms such as mental status changes, extreme and prolonged fatigue, weight gain, swelling or complaints of cold in the hands and feet, menstrual irregularities, muscle aches, and hair sitting.

A

Hypothyroidism

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23
Q

What causes hypothyroidism?

A

Primary disease of the thyroid gland, autoimmune disease, radioactive iodine, dietary iodine deficiency, lithium

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24
Q

How do you treat hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid hormone replacement

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25
Q

Hypothyroidism of a newborn. Most often the result of hypoplasia, aplasia, and failure of the thyroid gland to migrate to his normal anatomical position. Caused by excessive maternal iodine intake during pregnancy.

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

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26
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Physical and mental sluggishness, poor muscle tone, umbilical hernia, protruding abdomen, bradycardia, and growth retardation

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27
Q

How do you treat congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid hormone replacement

28
Q

Is hypermetabolic condition of thyroid hormone excess. Also referred to as thyrotoxicosis.

A

Hyperthyroidism

29
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism?

A

Autoimmune disease (Graves disease), pituitary tumors, and pregnancy

30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Nervousness, restlessness, heat intolerance, increased sweating, fatigue, weakness, muscle cramps, and weight loss.

31
Q

How do you treat hyperthyroidism?

A

Radioactive iodine, surgery to remove tumors, and radiation

32
Q

Swelling of the thyroid gland, is associated with viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disease, and aging.

A

Thyroiditis

33
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of thyroiditis?

A

Pain, swelling, thyroid tenderness, goiter

34
Q

How do you treat thyroiditis?

A

Anti-inflammatory medications, and pain medications

35
Q

Also known as Addison’s disease, and can be the result of any disease that damages the entire adrenal cortex.

A

Hypoadrenalism

36
Q

What causes hypoadrenalism?

A

Damage to adrenal cortex, infections, opportunistic infections associated with AIDS, cancer, hemorrhage of the adrenal gland.

37
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of Addison’s disease?

A

Weight loss, fatigue, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, vomiting, diarrhea

38
Q

How do you treat Addison’s disease?

A

Replacement of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

39
Q

Also known as Cushing’s syndrome, refers to manifestation of excessive corticosteroids. Caused by benign pituitary tumors.

A

Hyperadrenalism

40
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, fluid retention, weight gain, weakness, fatigue, hypertension

41
Q

How do you treat Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Surgery, radiation, medications to treat hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia

42
Q

Is it a rare epinephrine norepinephrine producing tumor occurs equally and women of the fourth and fifth decades of life.

A

Pheochromocytoma

43
Q

What causes pheochromocytoma?

A

Tumor located in the adrenal medulla.

44
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma?

A

Hypertension is most common. Includes headache, excessive sweating, and palpitations.

45
Q

How do you treat pheochromocytoma?

A

Antihypertensive medication. Surgery provides infective cure by removing the tumor.

46
Q

Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, is often caused by benign parathyroid tumors.

A

Hyperparathyroidism

47
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Due to lack of calcium in bones, weak bones deform and fracture easily, kidney stones, pain in bones, depressed nervous system, weak muscles, slow heart rate, abdominal pain, vomiting and constipation.

48
Q

How do you treat hyperparathyroidism?

A

Surgical removal of tumor on parathyroids, medications to lower blood calcium

49
Q

Is mostly condition that commonly occurs in patients following surgical resection of the thyroid gland. Can also be a result of damage from heavy metals such as copper or iron, or can result from immune disorders and infections.

A

Hypoparathyroidism

50
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Overexcited muscular and nervous system, characteristic tetany of hands, and laryngeal spasm

51
Q

How do you treat hypoparathyroidism?

A

Administer vitamin D and calcium

52
Q

Is characterized by total or near total absence of insulin production. Also referred to as juvenile-onset diabetes as peak of incidence is between ages 10 to 14 years.

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

53
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas

54
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss

55
Q

How do you treat type 1 diabetes mellitus?

56
Q

Is not associated with description of pancreatic beta cells. Results from defects him insulin secretion by the pancreas insulin utilization in target tissues. Insulin resistance occurs.

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

57
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

Obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia

58
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia

59
Q

How do you treat type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

Weight-loss, exercise, oral antidiabetic medication, insulin

60
Q

Abnormally increased functional activity of the gonads before puberty produces precocious sexual development in both sexes.

A

Hypergonadism

61
Q

What causes hypergonadism?

A

Hypersecretion of sex hormones caused by tumors

62
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypergonadism?

A

Precocious sexual development

63
Q

How do you treat hypergonadism?

A

Administration of sex hormones

64
Q

Is a deficiency in sex hormones cause by undeveloped gonads.

A

Hypogonadism

65
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypogonadism?

A

Lack of sexual development, eunuchism

66
Q

How do you treat hypogonadism?

A

Administration of sex hormones

66
Q

Review questions on page 332

Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach (16 decks)

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