Immunity And The Lymphatic System Flashcards
Active immunity
The person receives a vaccine or a toxoid as the antigen and he or she forms antibodies to counteract it
Nonsevere signs of allergies
Skin flash, hives, swelling of lips or tongue, wheezing, and abdominal cramps
And inflammation associated with pus formation
Suppurative inflammation (abscess, boil, stye)
Protects newborns
IgM
How does HIV hurt you?
The virus replicates with lymphocytes, killing them and spreading to others. Thus the bodies immune system response is crippled, and the body become susceptible to infections and tumors that a normal person could easily control.
The for an element that triggers the immune response
Antigen
Are responsible for a more potent and rapid antibody response responsible during subsequence exposures to the same antigen
Memory cells
Can be brought on by more than 70 different prescription drugs. However, only 4% of the people who take these drugs will develop this. Signs and symptoms (same as SLE) disappear within days two months after discontinuing the drugs.
Drug-induced lupus erythematosus
A type of white blood cell that responds to bacteria, viruses, and foreign material in lymph
Lymphocytes
The immune response normally recognizes the difference between the individuals own tissues and those of invaders
Tolerance
The attraction of the white blood cells to the site of inflammation
Chemotaxis
An autoimmune disease of the connective tissue. Characterized by the formation of scar tissue in the skin and organs of the body
Scleroderma
Tissue grafts are transplanted from one site to another in the same patient
Autograft
The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and even abnormal body cells, such as cancer cells.
Immunity
A type of connective tissue cell that produces collagen
Fibroblasts
Local allergies occur in
Confined areas such as skin and mucous membranes
White blood cells destroy infectious agents through
Phagocytosis
Passive immunity
Doses of preformed antibodies from immune serum of an animal, usually a horse.
Excessive exudate in the tissue puts pressure on the sensitive nerve endings, causing
Pain
Signs and symptoms of inflammation
Redness, swelling, heat, and pain
Symptoms and signs of scleroderma
Comes gradually and affects the skin of fingers, hands, face, lower arms, and legs, along with Raynaud’s phenomenon, difficulty swallowing, and tight skin on fingers.
What happens to the immune system as we age?
The immune system simply does not function as efficiently in older adults as in younger people. Autoimmune diseases become more common in elderly.
Involved in allergy
IgE
Often called killer lymphocytes because they are capable of killing invading organisms
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Leukocytes that line up with in the capillary walls. Are specialized cells that defend the body against invading microorganisms and speed healing by engulfing sell debris in injured tissues
Neutrophils
May be used to reduce the immune response and stabilize the vascular system
Epinephrine, glucocorticoids, or cortisone derivatives
A type of leukocyte that recognizes body cells with abnormal membranes
Natural killer cells
Named for their ability to help the immune system in many ways. They increase activity of killer lymphocytes and stimulate B lymphocytes
Helper T lymphocytes
Eschar after surgery or severe burn that is raised and hard. Is really a benign tumor
Keloid healing
Tissue grafts harvested from different animal species
Xenografts
Two types of artificial immunity
Active and passive immunity
Can play different roles in humoral immunity. Interact with antigens and become activated
B lymphocytes
A group of substances that stimulate the immune system. Used to treat infections and cancer
Interferon
Neutralizes toxins and viruses
IgG
A chronic inflammatory disease that can affect various parts of your body, including the skin, joints, heart, lungs, blood, kidneys, and brain
Lupus
Neutrophils die soon after ingesting bacteria and toxins, and then release substances that liquefy the surrounding tissue, forming
Pus (consists of liquified tissue and dead neutrophils, and inflammatory exudate)
The body’s first line of defense
Intact skin
Prognosis of lupus
Prognosis is good it’s early detection and treatment of kidney damage is reduces incidence of severe kidney disease. Tends to be chronic and relapsing.
Systemic allergy occurs
Throughout the body and maybe life-threatening (anaphylaxis)
Offers localized protection at mucosal surfaces
IgA
Responsible for humoral immunity
B lymphocytes
Types of scleroderma are those limited to the skin and related tissues and, in some cases, the muscle below. Internal organs are not affected by this Scalera derma, and can never progressed to systemic forms.
Localized scleroderma
Cause of scleroderma
Cause is unknown, there are immune, genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors involved.
The antibodies are plasma proteins, which are gamma globulins
Immunoglobulins (Ig)
Tissues donated by an identical twin
Isografts
Are believed to dampen or suppress the immune response
Suppressor T lymphocytes
Essential for the blood clotting mechanism
Fibrin
Present at birth and provides immediate but general protection against any for an agent that enters the body
Nonspecific immunity (innate)
Is there a cure for Sjögren’s syndrome?
No cure, however medications meeting used to alleviate different types of dryness.
When tolerance fails, this may be the result
Autoimmune disease
A rare condition acquired from passage of maternal auto antibodies which can affect the skin, heart, and blood of the fetus and newborn.
Neonatal lupus
Other phagocytic white cells that follow the neutrophils in the process of clearing debris
Monocytes, or macrophages
What are the common symptoms of Sjögren’s Syndrome?
Dry eyes, dry mouth, dry skin, and vaginal dryness.
What parts of the body are affected by Sjögrens syndrome?
Kidneys, G.I. system, blood vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and nervous system
A chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of glands and other tissues
Sjögren’s syndrome
Two types of lymphocytes provide immunity
T and B lymphocytes
Specific immunity against antigens divides into two different immunities
Humoral immunity (antibodies), and cell-mediated immunity (activated lymphocytes)
Cause of lupus
Cause is unknown, but environmental and genetic factors are involved. Some which may trigger this include infections, antibiotics, ultraviolet light, extreme stress, certain drugs, and hormones.
Lymphocytes responsible for cell mediated immunity are processed in the thymus gland
T lymphocytes
How does stress, such as trauma, infection, surgery, pain, and emotional stress affect the immune system?
Causes an increase production of the hormone cortisol. This decreases production of antibodies and substances released by leukocytes that stimulate other cells of the immune system. This leaves a body susceptible to disease, injury, or other stresses.
What causes AIDS?
The human immunodeficiency virus. Is transmitted through contaminated body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breastmilk.
What’s the cause of Sjögren’s syndrome?
Cause is unknown, genetic factors, hormones, and environmental triggers like viral infections may play a role. Average time from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis is over six years.
One of the most deadly diseases to affect today’s population.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Systemic scleroderma
Involves the skin, tissues under the skin, blood vessels, and the major organs.
Occurs when individuals develop antibodies called autoantibodies to their own tissues or self antigens
Autoimmunity
Activates B lymphocytes
IgD
Effective against particular identified a foreign agents and developed in response to contact with that agent
Specific immunity (acquired)
Review questions on page 31 and 32
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Local blood vessels, arterials, and capillaries dilate, increasing blood flow to the injured area. Causes the heat in redness associated with inflammation
Hyperemia
The excessive production of white cells, and is a sign of infection or inflammation, such as appendicitis
Leukocytosis
To increase effectiveness of inflammatory and immune response, bone marrow and lymph nodes release large quantities of leukocytes. White cell count may rise to
30,000 or more, from the normal range of 4,000 to 10,000 per cubic microliter of blood
Are each highly specific for one type of antigen
Antibodies and T lymphocytes
Auto antibodies against DNA and RNA can damage anybody sell, so many body systems can be involved. Symptoms include arthritis, low-grade fever, butterfly rash, widespread rash, fatigue, photosensitivity, hair loss, and Raynauds phenomenon
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Abnormal sensitivity to allergens such as pollens, dust, dog hair, and certain foods or chemicals, and is the result of overproduction of IgE
Allergy, or hypersensitivity
Bacteria that cause pus formation are called
Pyogenic bacteria
Tissue is transplanted from one person to another
Allograft
Can be a sign that the body is defending itself. Aids the immune system by stimulating phagocytes, increasing metabolism, and inhibiting the multiplication of some microorganisms.
Fever
Some other activated the lymphocytes are transformed and divide rapidly and produce large numbers of antibodies
Plasma cells
Is there any treatment for scleroderma?
There is no cure and no treatment to stop over production of collagen.
How do you treat AIDS?
Drug therapy may hinder replication of the virus to the extent that the viral load becomes undetectable and some individuals. However there is still no cure.
Is limited to the skin. Is identified by a rash that may appear on the face, neck, and scalp.
Discoid, or cutaneous lupus
May be caused from trauma or injury, such as sprained ankle or severe blow
Inflammation
Severe problems with scleroderma
Internally it can damage key organs such as the large intestines, lungs, heart, and kidneys; however less than one third of patients develop severe organ problems.
After an infection or vaccination, some of the T lymphocytes that participated in the response remain and can rapidly mobilize should the same antigen be encountered again
Memory T lymphocytes
Life-threatening signs of allergies
Weakness in the collapse due to low blood pressure, inability to breathe, and seizures
Damaged tissue releases this substance that causes the capillary walls to become more permeable
Histamine
The plasma and white blood cells that escape from the capillaries make this up. Causes swelling with inflammation
Inflammatory exudate
