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Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach > Immunity And The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Immunity And The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Active immunity

A

The person receives a vaccine or a toxoid as the antigen and he or she forms antibodies to counteract it

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2
Q

Nonsevere signs of allergies

A

Skin flash, hives, swelling of lips or tongue, wheezing, and abdominal cramps

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3
Q

And inflammation associated with pus formation

A

Suppurative inflammation (abscess, boil, stye)

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4
Q

Protects newborns

A

IgM

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5
Q

How does HIV hurt you?

A

The virus replicates with lymphocytes, killing them and spreading to others. Thus the bodies immune system response is crippled, and the body become susceptible to infections and tumors that a normal person could easily control.

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6
Q

The for an element that triggers the immune response

A

Antigen

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7
Q

Are responsible for a more potent and rapid antibody response responsible during subsequence exposures to the same antigen

A

Memory cells

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8
Q

Can be brought on by more than 70 different prescription drugs. However, only 4% of the people who take these drugs will develop this. Signs and symptoms (same as SLE) disappear within days two months after discontinuing the drugs.

A

Drug-induced lupus erythematosus

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9
Q

A type of white blood cell that responds to bacteria, viruses, and foreign material in lymph

A

Lymphocytes

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10
Q

The immune response normally recognizes the difference between the individuals own tissues and those of invaders

A

Tolerance

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11
Q

The attraction of the white blood cells to the site of inflammation

A

Chemotaxis

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12
Q

An autoimmune disease of the connective tissue. Characterized by the formation of scar tissue in the skin and organs of the body

A

Scleroderma

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13
Q

Tissue grafts are transplanted from one site to another in the same patient

A

Autograft

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14
Q

The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and even abnormal body cells, such as cancer cells.

A

Immunity

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15
Q

A type of connective tissue cell that produces collagen

A

Fibroblasts

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16
Q

Local allergies occur in

A

Confined areas such as skin and mucous membranes

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17
Q

White blood cells destroy infectious agents through

A

Phagocytosis

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18
Q

Passive immunity

A

Doses of preformed antibodies from immune serum of an animal, usually a horse.

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19
Q

Excessive exudate in the tissue puts pressure on the sensitive nerve endings, causing

A

Pain

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20
Q

Signs and symptoms of inflammation

A

Redness, swelling, heat, and pain

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21
Q

Symptoms and signs of scleroderma

A

Comes gradually and affects the skin of fingers, hands, face, lower arms, and legs, along with Raynaud’s phenomenon, difficulty swallowing, and tight skin on fingers.

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22
Q

What happens to the immune system as we age?

A

The immune system simply does not function as efficiently in older adults as in younger people. Autoimmune diseases become more common in elderly.

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23
Q

Involved in allergy

A

IgE

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24
Q

Often called killer lymphocytes because they are capable of killing invading organisms

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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25
Q

Leukocytes that line up with in the capillary walls. Are specialized cells that defend the body against invading microorganisms and speed healing by engulfing sell debris in injured tissues

A

Neutrophils

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26
Q

May be used to reduce the immune response and stabilize the vascular system

A

Epinephrine, glucocorticoids, or cortisone derivatives

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27
Q

A type of leukocyte that recognizes body cells with abnormal membranes

A

Natural killer cells

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28
Q

Named for their ability to help the immune system in many ways. They increase activity of killer lymphocytes and stimulate B lymphocytes

A

Helper T lymphocytes

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29
Q

Eschar after surgery or severe burn that is raised and hard. Is really a benign tumor

A

Keloid healing

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30
Q

Tissue grafts harvested from different animal species

A

Xenografts

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31
Q

Two types of artificial immunity

A

Active and passive immunity

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32
Q

Can play different roles in humoral immunity. Interact with antigens and become activated

A

B lymphocytes

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33
Q

A group of substances that stimulate the immune system. Used to treat infections and cancer

A

Interferon

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34
Q

Neutralizes toxins and viruses

A

IgG

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35
Q

A chronic inflammatory disease that can affect various parts of your body, including the skin, joints, heart, lungs, blood, kidneys, and brain

A

Lupus

36
Q

Neutrophils die soon after ingesting bacteria and toxins, and then release substances that liquefy the surrounding tissue, forming

A

Pus (consists of liquified tissue and dead neutrophils, and inflammatory exudate)

37
Q

The body’s first line of defense

A

Intact skin

38
Q

Prognosis of lupus

A

Prognosis is good it’s early detection and treatment of kidney damage is reduces incidence of severe kidney disease. Tends to be chronic and relapsing.

39
Q

Systemic allergy occurs

A

Throughout the body and maybe life-threatening (anaphylaxis)

40
Q

Offers localized protection at mucosal surfaces

A

IgA

41
Q

Responsible for humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes

42
Q

Types of scleroderma are those limited to the skin and related tissues and, in some cases, the muscle below. Internal organs are not affected by this Scalera derma, and can never progressed to systemic forms.

A

Localized scleroderma

43
Q

Cause of scleroderma

A

Cause is unknown, there are immune, genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors involved.

44
Q

The antibodies are plasma proteins, which are gamma globulins

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

45
Q

Tissues donated by an identical twin

A

Isografts

46
Q

Are believed to dampen or suppress the immune response

A

Suppressor T lymphocytes

47
Q

Essential for the blood clotting mechanism

A

Fibrin

48
Q

Present at birth and provides immediate but general protection against any for an agent that enters the body

A

Nonspecific immunity (innate)

49
Q

Is there a cure for Sjögren’s syndrome?

A

No cure, however medications meeting used to alleviate different types of dryness.

50
Q

When tolerance fails, this may be the result

A

Autoimmune disease

51
Q

A rare condition acquired from passage of maternal auto antibodies which can affect the skin, heart, and blood of the fetus and newborn.

A

Neonatal lupus

52
Q

Other phagocytic white cells that follow the neutrophils in the process of clearing debris

A

Monocytes, or macrophages

53
Q

What are the common symptoms of Sjögren’s Syndrome?

A

Dry eyes, dry mouth, dry skin, and vaginal dryness.

54
Q

What parts of the body are affected by Sjögrens syndrome?

A

Kidneys, G.I. system, blood vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and nervous system

55
Q

A chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of glands and other tissues

A

Sjögren’s syndrome

56
Q

Two types of lymphocytes provide immunity

A

T and B lymphocytes

57
Q

Specific immunity against antigens divides into two different immunities

A

Humoral immunity (antibodies), and cell-mediated immunity (activated lymphocytes)

58
Q

Cause of lupus

A

Cause is unknown, but environmental and genetic factors are involved. Some which may trigger this include infections, antibiotics, ultraviolet light, extreme stress, certain drugs, and hormones.

59
Q

Lymphocytes responsible for cell mediated immunity are processed in the thymus gland

A

T lymphocytes

60
Q

How does stress, such as trauma, infection, surgery, pain, and emotional stress affect the immune system?

A

Causes an increase production of the hormone cortisol. This decreases production of antibodies and substances released by leukocytes that stimulate other cells of the immune system. This leaves a body susceptible to disease, injury, or other stresses.

61
Q

What causes AIDS?

A

The human immunodeficiency virus. Is transmitted through contaminated body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breastmilk.

62
Q

What’s the cause of Sjögren’s syndrome?

A

Cause is unknown, genetic factors, hormones, and environmental triggers like viral infections may play a role. Average time from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis is over six years.

63
Q

One of the most deadly diseases to affect today’s population.

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

64
Q

Systemic scleroderma

A

Involves the skin, tissues under the skin, blood vessels, and the major organs.

65
Q

Occurs when individuals develop antibodies called autoantibodies to their own tissues or self antigens

A

Autoimmunity

66
Q

Activates B lymphocytes

A

IgD

67
Q

Effective against particular identified a foreign agents and developed in response to contact with that agent

A

Specific immunity (acquired)

68
Q

Review questions on page 31 and 32

A

FREEBEE

69
Q

Local blood vessels, arterials, and capillaries dilate, increasing blood flow to the injured area. Causes the heat in redness associated with inflammation

A

Hyperemia

70
Q

The excessive production of white cells, and is a sign of infection or inflammation, such as appendicitis

A

Leukocytosis

71
Q

To increase effectiveness of inflammatory and immune response, bone marrow and lymph nodes release large quantities of leukocytes. White cell count may rise to

A

30,000 or more, from the normal range of 4,000 to 10,000 per cubic microliter of blood

72
Q

Are each highly specific for one type of antigen

A

Antibodies and T lymphocytes

73
Q

Auto antibodies against DNA and RNA can damage anybody sell, so many body systems can be involved. Symptoms include arthritis, low-grade fever, butterfly rash, widespread rash, fatigue, photosensitivity, hair loss, and Raynauds phenomenon

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

74
Q

Abnormal sensitivity to allergens such as pollens, dust, dog hair, and certain foods or chemicals, and is the result of overproduction of IgE

A

Allergy, or hypersensitivity

75
Q

Bacteria that cause pus formation are called

A

Pyogenic bacteria

76
Q

Tissue is transplanted from one person to another

A

Allograft

77
Q

Can be a sign that the body is defending itself. Aids the immune system by stimulating phagocytes, increasing metabolism, and inhibiting the multiplication of some microorganisms.

A

Fever

78
Q

Some other activated the lymphocytes are transformed and divide rapidly and produce large numbers of antibodies

A

Plasma cells

79
Q

Is there any treatment for scleroderma?

A

There is no cure and no treatment to stop over production of collagen.

80
Q

How do you treat AIDS?

A

Drug therapy may hinder replication of the virus to the extent that the viral load becomes undetectable and some individuals. However there is still no cure.

81
Q

Is limited to the skin. Is identified by a rash that may appear on the face, neck, and scalp.

A

Discoid, or cutaneous lupus

82
Q

May be caused from trauma or injury, such as sprained ankle or severe blow

A

Inflammation

83
Q

Severe problems with scleroderma

A

Internally it can damage key organs such as the large intestines, lungs, heart, and kidneys; however less than one third of patients develop severe organ problems.

84
Q

After an infection or vaccination, some of the T lymphocytes that participated in the response remain and can rapidly mobilize should the same antigen be encountered again

A

Memory T lymphocytes

85
Q

Life-threatening signs of allergies

A

Weakness in the collapse due to low blood pressure, inability to breathe, and seizures

86
Q

Damaged tissue releases this substance that causes the capillary walls to become more permeable

A

Histamine

87
Q

The plasma and white blood cells that escape from the capillaries make this up. Causes swelling with inflammation

A

Inflammatory exudate

Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach (16 decks)

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