Immunity And The Lymphatic System

Question 1

Active immunity

Answer 1

The person receives a vaccine or a toxoid as the antigen and he or she forms antibodies to counteract it

Question 2

Nonsevere signs of allergies

Answer 2

Skin flash, hives, swelling of lips or tongue, wheezing, and abdominal cramps

Question 3

And inflammation associated with pus formation

Answer 3

Suppurative inflammation (abscess, boil, stye)

Question 4

Protects newborns

Answer 4

IgM

Question 5

How does HIV hurt you?

Answer 5

The virus replicates with lymphocytes, killing them and spreading to others. Thus the bodies immune system response is crippled, and the body become susceptible to infections and tumors that a normal person could easily control.

Question 6

The for an element that triggers the immune response

Answer 6

Antigen

Question 7

Are responsible for a more potent and rapid antibody response responsible during subsequence exposures to the same antigen

Answer 7

Memory cells

Question 8

Can be brought on by more than 70 different prescription drugs. However, only 4% of the people who take these drugs will develop this. Signs and symptoms (same as SLE) disappear within days two months after discontinuing the drugs.

Answer 8

Drug-induced lupus erythematosus

Question 9

A type of white blood cell that responds to bacteria, viruses, and foreign material in lymph

Answer 9

Lymphocytes

Question 10

The immune response normally recognizes the difference between the individuals own tissues and those of invaders

Answer 10

Tolerance

Question 11

The attraction of the white blood cells to the site of inflammation

Answer 11

Chemotaxis

Question 12

An autoimmune disease of the connective tissue. Characterized by the formation of scar tissue in the skin and organs of the body

Answer 12

Scleroderma

Question 13

Tissue grafts are transplanted from one site to another in the same patient

Answer 13

Autograft

Question 14

The ability of the body to defend itself against infectious agents, foreign cells, and even abnormal body cells, such as cancer cells.

Answer 14

Immunity

Question 15

A type of connective tissue cell that produces collagen

Answer 15

Fibroblasts

Question 16

Local allergies occur in

Answer 16

Confined areas such as skin and mucous membranes

Question 17

White blood cells destroy infectious agents through

Answer 17

Phagocytosis

Question 18

Passive immunity

Answer 18

Doses of preformed antibodies from immune serum of an animal, usually a horse.

Question 19

Excessive exudate in the tissue puts pressure on the sensitive nerve endings, causing

Answer 19

Pain

Question 20

Signs and symptoms of inflammation

Answer 20

Redness, swelling, heat, and pain

Question 21

Symptoms and signs of scleroderma

Answer 21

Comes gradually and affects the skin of fingers, hands, face, lower arms, and legs, along with Raynaud’s phenomenon, difficulty swallowing, and tight skin on fingers.

Question 22

What happens to the immune system as we age?

Answer 22

The immune system simply does not function as efficiently in older adults as in younger people. Autoimmune diseases become more common in elderly.

Question 23

Involved in allergy

Answer 23

IgE

Question 24

Often called killer lymphocytes because they are capable of killing invading organisms

Answer 24

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Question 25

Leukocytes that line up with in the capillary walls. Are specialized cells that defend the body against invading microorganisms and speed healing by engulfing sell debris in injured tissues

Answer 25

Neutrophils

Question 26

May be used to reduce the immune response and stabilize the vascular system

Answer 26

Epinephrine, glucocorticoids, or cortisone derivatives

Question 27

A type of leukocyte that recognizes body cells with abnormal membranes

Answer 27

Natural killer cells

Question 28

Named for their ability to help the immune system in many ways. They increase activity of killer lymphocytes and stimulate B lymphocytes

Answer 28

Helper T lymphocytes

Question 29

Eschar after surgery or severe burn that is raised and hard. Is really a benign tumor

Answer 29

Keloid healing

Question 30

Tissue grafts harvested from different animal species

Answer 30

Xenografts

Question 31

Two types of artificial immunity

Answer 31

Active and passive immunity

Question 32

Can play different roles in humoral immunity. Interact with antigens and become activated

Answer 32

B lymphocytes

Question 33

A group of substances that stimulate the immune system. Used to treat infections and cancer

Answer 33

Interferon

Question 34

Neutralizes toxins and viruses

Answer 34

IgG

Question 35

A chronic inflammatory disease that can affect various parts of your body, including the skin, joints, heart, lungs, blood, kidneys, and brain

Answer 35

Lupus

Question 36

Neutrophils die soon after ingesting bacteria and toxins, and then release substances that liquefy the surrounding tissue, forming

Answer 36

Pus (consists of liquified tissue and dead neutrophils, and inflammatory exudate)

Question 37

The body's first line of defense

Answer 37

Intact skin

Question 38

Prognosis of lupus

Answer 38

Prognosis is good it's early detection and treatment of kidney damage is reduces incidence of severe kidney disease. Tends to be chronic and relapsing.

Question 39

Systemic allergy occurs

Answer 39

Throughout the body and maybe life-threatening (anaphylaxis)

Question 40

Offers localized protection at mucosal surfaces

Answer 40

IgA

Question 41

Responsible for humoral immunity

Answer 41

B lymphocytes

Question 42

Types of scleroderma are those limited to the skin and related tissues and, in some cases, the muscle below. Internal organs are not affected by this Scalera derma, and can never progressed to systemic forms.

Answer 42

Localized scleroderma

Question 43

Cause of scleroderma

Answer 43

Cause is unknown, there are immune, genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors involved.

Question 44

The antibodies are plasma proteins, which are gamma globulins

Answer 44

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

Question 45

Tissues donated by an identical twin

Answer 45

Isografts

Question 46

Are believed to dampen or suppress the immune response

Answer 46

Suppressor T lymphocytes

Question 47

Essential for the blood clotting mechanism

Answer 47

Fibrin

Question 48

Present at birth and provides immediate but general protection against any for an agent that enters the body

Answer 48

Nonspecific immunity (innate)

Question 49

Is there a cure for Sjögren's syndrome?

Answer 49

No cure, however medications meeting used to alleviate different types of dryness.

Question 50

When tolerance fails, this may be the result

Answer 50

Autoimmune disease

Question 51

A rare condition acquired from passage of maternal auto antibodies which can affect the skin, heart, and blood of the fetus and newborn.

Answer 51

Neonatal lupus

Question 52

Other phagocytic white cells that follow the neutrophils in the process of clearing debris

Answer 52

Monocytes, or macrophages

Question 53

What are the common symptoms of Sjögren's Syndrome?

Answer 53

Dry eyes, dry mouth, dry skin, and vaginal dryness.

Question 54

What parts of the body are affected by Sjögrens syndrome?

Answer 54

Kidneys, G.I. system, blood vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and nervous system

Question 55

A chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of glands and other tissues

Answer 55

Sjögren's syndrome

Question 56

Two types of lymphocytes provide immunity

Answer 56

T and B lymphocytes

Question 57

Specific immunity against antigens divides into two different immunities

Answer 57

Humoral immunity (antibodies), and cell-mediated immunity (activated lymphocytes)

Question 58

Cause of lupus

Answer 58

Cause is unknown, but environmental and genetic factors are involved. Some which may trigger this include infections, antibiotics, ultraviolet light, extreme stress, certain drugs, and hormones.

Question 59

Lymphocytes responsible for cell mediated immunity are processed in the thymus gland

Answer 59

T lymphocytes

Question 60

How does stress, such as trauma, infection, surgery, pain, and emotional stress affect the immune system?

Answer 60

Causes an increase production of the hormone cortisol. This decreases production of antibodies and substances released by leukocytes that stimulate other cells of the immune system. This leaves a body susceptible to disease, injury, or other stresses.

Question 61

What causes AIDS?

Answer 61

The human immunodeficiency virus. Is transmitted through contaminated body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breastmilk.

Question 62

What's the cause of Sjögren's syndrome?

Answer 62

Cause is unknown, genetic factors, hormones, and environmental triggers like viral infections may play a role. Average time from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis is over six years.

Question 63

One of the most deadly diseases to affect today's population.

Answer 63

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Question 64

Systemic scleroderma

Answer 64

Involves the skin, tissues under the skin, blood vessels, and the major organs.

Question 65

Occurs when individuals develop antibodies called autoantibodies to their own tissues or self antigens

Answer 65

Autoimmunity

Question 66

Activates B lymphocytes

Answer 66

IgD

Question 67

Effective against particular identified a foreign agents and developed in response to contact with that agent

Answer 67

Specific immunity (acquired)

Question 68

Review questions on page 31 and 32

Answer 68

FREEBEE

Question 69

Local blood vessels, arterials, and capillaries dilate, increasing blood flow to the injured area. Causes the heat in redness associated with inflammation

Answer 69

Hyperemia

Question 70

The excessive production of white cells, and is a sign of infection or inflammation, such as appendicitis

Answer 70

Leukocytosis

Question 71

To increase effectiveness of inflammatory and immune response, bone marrow and lymph nodes release large quantities of leukocytes. White cell count may rise to

Answer 71

30,000 or more, from the normal range of 4,000 to 10,000 per cubic microliter of blood

Question 72

Are each highly specific for one type of antigen

Answer 72

Antibodies and T lymphocytes

Question 73

Auto antibodies against DNA and RNA can damage anybody sell, so many body systems can be involved. Symptoms include arthritis, low-grade fever, butterfly rash, widespread rash, fatigue, photosensitivity, hair loss, and Raynauds phenomenon

Answer 73

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Question 74

Abnormal sensitivity to allergens such as pollens, dust, dog hair, and certain foods or chemicals, and is the result of overproduction of IgE

Answer 74

Allergy, or hypersensitivity

Question 75

Bacteria that cause pus formation are called

Answer 75

Pyogenic bacteria

Question 76

Tissue is transplanted from one person to another

Answer 76

Allograft

Question 77

Can be a sign that the body is defending itself. Aids the immune system by stimulating phagocytes, increasing metabolism, and inhibiting the multiplication of some microorganisms.

Answer 77

Fever

Question 78

Some other activated the lymphocytes are transformed and divide rapidly and produce large numbers of antibodies

Answer 78

Plasma cells

Question 79

Is there any treatment for scleroderma?

Answer 79

There is no cure and no treatment to stop over production of collagen.

Question 80

How do you treat AIDS?

Answer 80

Drug therapy may hinder replication of the virus to the extent that the viral load becomes undetectable and some individuals. However there is still no cure.

Question 81

Is limited to the skin. Is identified by a rash that may appear on the face, neck, and scalp.

Answer 81

Discoid, or cutaneous lupus

Question 82

May be caused from trauma or injury, such as sprained ankle or severe blow

Answer 82

Inflammation

Question 83

Severe problems with scleroderma

Answer 83

Internally it can damage key organs such as the large intestines, lungs, heart, and kidneys; however less than one third of patients develop severe organ problems.

Question 84

After an infection or vaccination, some of the T lymphocytes that participated in the response remain and can rapidly mobilize should the same antigen be encountered again

Answer 84

Memory T lymphocytes

Question 85

Life-threatening signs of allergies

Answer 85

Weakness in the collapse due to low blood pressure, inability to breathe, and seizures

Question 86

Damaged tissue releases this substance that causes the capillary walls to become more permeable

Answer 86

Histamine

Question 87

The plasma and white blood cells that escape from the capillaries make this up. Causes swelling with inflammation

Answer 87

Inflammatory exudate