Infection Control and Prevention Flashcards
what are the 3 ways to reduce pathogens
pasteurization
sterilization
disinfection
what uses heat or chemicals to destroy all life - viruses, bacteria, and spores
sterilization
what exposes milk to progressively higher temperatures
pasteurization
what uses chemicals to destroy most pathogens but spores may remain
disinfection
what are the 7 steps to water purification
filtration flocculation sedimentation sand filtration sludge digestion aeration chlorination
flouridation - not part of purifcation but maybe added at the end
what step allows water to pass through the material with pores of different sizes
filtration
what step adds aluminum which causes precipitation of certain materials
flocculation
what step allows precipitate to settle out
sedimentation
what step allows water to pass through the sand which removes the anaerobic bacteria
sand filtration
what step adds anaerobic bacteria
sludge digestion
what step bubbles oxygen through water to kill the anaerobic bacteria
aeration
what step adds chlorine which kills all remaining bacteria
chlorination
what agency takes care of meat and milk inspection
department of agriculture
what agency takes care of quality of drugs, cosmetics, food, advertising of health products
food and drug administration
what agency does disease surveillance and restaurant inspections
public health department
what agency takes care of our water and air quality
environmental detection agency
what agency inspects the quality of dairy products
united states dairy association
what agency inspects workplace safety and handling of hazards materials
occupational safety health administration
what agency provides epidemiological research and primarily deals with health stats
center of disease control
what agency oversees health care to the underserved or people of lower socioeconomics
health services administration
what agency oversees majority of disease research and provides funding for research
national institute of health
what is the study of causes, distribution, and control of diseases in a population
epidemiology
what is the number of new cases in a population in a given time
incidence
what is the number of people with the disease at a given time
prevalence
what is the number of people who died from a particular disease
mortality
what is the number of people who have a particular disease
morbidity
what is an estimate as to how long the general population will live
life expectancy
what is a sudden increase in the number of disease locally
epidemic
what is the NORMAL occurrence of disease in a particular location
endemic
what is a sudden increase in the number of disease worldwide
pandemic
what is a disease that has newly appeared
emerging disease
what is a disease that has existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence
re-emerging disease
what are examples of emerging diseases
Hantavirus - pulmonary syndrome
HIV/AIDS
H1N1 swine flu
Ebola
Lassa fever
Lyme disease - borrelia burgdorferi
SARS - coronavirus
what are examples of re-emerging diseases
Multi drug resistant tuberculosis
methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
what is a international health agency
world health organization
what is an increase in disease in a large number of cases in particular population
epidemic
what is a disease that occurs regularly in a population
endemic
what is an outbreak of disease over a wide georgraphical area
pandemic
what are two types of epidemiological studies
descriptive - who where when
analytical - observation and experiment aka cohort and case control studies
what are the different types of prevention
primary - prevent disease from happening in first place
secondary - early detection and treatment
tertiary - prevent further complication and mobidity
what are types of direct transmission
indirect transmission
direct - touching, sex, biting, droplets, sneezing and coughing
indirect - airborne aerosols or droplet nuclei, vehicle borne (fomites), vector borne (mosquitos, ticks)
what is the process of reducing the number of microbes so that the possibility of infection is reduced
sanitization
what is growth of unwanted microbes or presence of microbial toxins in blood and tissues
sepsis
what is the practice to prevent the entry of infection into sterile tissues
asepsis
what is the practice of applying chemical agents to exposed body surfaces, wounds, and surgical incisions to destro and inhibit vegetative pathogens
antisepsis
what are the methods of cleaning using moist heat
sterilization - autclave and tyndallization
disinfection - boiling water and pasteurization
what is autoclave
steam under pressure
which agency is in charge of research
which is in charge of stats
research - NIH
stats - CDC
what are the different methods of pasteurization
holding/batch method - 145/56 - 30 min
flash/continuous - 161-65 - 15 sec
ultrahigh - 191-90 - 2-5 sec
sterilization/autoclave - 274/121 - 15 min
what is autoclave and sterilization
what does it do
what doesnt it do
steam heat under pressure
denatures membranes
ineffective against prions
what agency is part of US health services department of navy
CDC
where is us health services department of the navy located
atlanta georgia
what agency controls the FDA, CDC, and USPHS us public health services
department of health and human services
HHS
where is the national institute of health located
betheseda, maryland
what are leading causes of death in infants adults and worldwide deaths
infants -
- congenital malformations
- prematurity
adults -
- heart dz
- cancer
- stroke
- respiratory infection
- accidents
worldwide -
- TB
- Malaria
what are the first 4 steps of the water purification process considered
primary sewage treatment
rest is secondary
