Infancy: Social and Emotional Development Flashcards
_____ _______ defines attachment as an enduring emotional bond between one animal or person and another. Essential for survival.
Mary Ainsworth
An affectional bond characterized by seeking closeness with another and distress upon separation
Attachment
fear of seperation from a target of attachment
Separation anxiety
A type of attachment characterized by mild distress at leave-takings and being readily soothed by reunion
Secure attachment
Attachment behavior characterized by avoiding caregiver, excessive clinging or inconsistency
Insecure attachment
There are two major types of insecurity attachments
Avoidant and Ambivalent resistant attachment
A type of insecure attachment characterized by apparent indifferences to leave-takings by and reunions with an attachment figure. Show the least distress, play without fuss, and ignore mothers
Avoidant attachment
A type of insecure attachment characterized by severe distress at leave-takings and ambivalent behavior at reunions.
Ambivalent/ resistant
A type of insecure attachment characterized by dazed and contradictory behaviors toward an attachment figure.. Moving toward the mother while looking away
Disorganized/ disoriented
_______ infants and toddlers are happier, more sociable, and more cooperative with caregivers
Secure infants
Most father are more likely to…..?
Play with their children, and engage in rough and tumble play
The parents of secure infants are more ______-?
Affectionate, cooperative, and predictable
The display of attachment behaviors towards any person
indiscriminate attachment
There are three phases of attachment
Initial-preattachment phase
attachment-in-the-making phase
Clear-cut attachment phase
Characteristics of Initial-preattachment phase:
birth to three months
indiscriminate attachment
Characteristics of Attachment-in-the-making phase
3-4 months
preference of familiar figures
Characteristics of Clear-cut Attachment phase
6-7 months
intensified dependence on the primary caregiver
__________ view of attachment: infant must develop the concept of object permanence before specific attachment becomes possible, 6-7 months
Cognitive View of Attachment
_________ view of attachment: attachment behaviors are conditioned. Caregivers feed their infants and tend to their physiological needs. Conditioned Reinforcer
Behavioral View of attachment
_________ view of attachment: love object who forms the basis for all later attachments. Sigmund Freud, oral activities. Erik Erikson Trust vs Mistrust
Psychoanalytic View of Attachment
________ and __________ conducted classic experiments to demonstrate that feeding is not as critical to the attachment process; Rhesus monkey, two mother, one wire with food, other soft and comfy
Harry and Margaret Harlow
The pleasure derived from physical contact with another
Contact comfort
A scientist who studies the behavior patterns characteristics of various species
Ethologist
A smile that occurs in response to a human voice or face
Social smile
The process by which waterfowl become attached to the first moving object they follow, Konrad Lorenz, ducklings
Imprinting
Social deprivation/ social confinement led to
infants being withdrawn and rocked back and forth, in the corner, avoiding others
__________ is responsible for more injuries and deaths than abuse
Child neglect
Abused children characteristics:
high incidence of social and personal problems
insecure, withdrawn from peers
angry, aggressive, delinquency and sexual behavior and substance abuse
Causes of Child Abuse
stress history of child abuse lack of child caring skills unrealistic expectations substance abuse
Developmental disorders characterized by impairment in communication and social skills, and by repetitive, stereotyped behavior
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Characterized by social deficits and stereotyped behavior but without significant cognitive or lanuage delays associated with autism
Asperger’s disorder
A disorder characterized by extreme aloneness, communication problems, preservations of sameness and ritualistic behavior. CONSTANT ROUTINE. Treatment: behavior of modification
AUTISM
True or false: there is no connection between the development of autism and the use of vaccines or deficiencies in child rearing
True
__________ appear to be the universal in that they are recognized in different cultures around the world
Facial Expressions
Infant’s initial emotional expressions appear to comprise two basic states of emotional arousal:
positive attraction to pleasant stimulation
withdrawal from aversive stimulation
Fear of stranger, IS NORMSL,6-9 months of age
Stranger anxiety
Using another persons reaction to a situation to form ones own response, As early as 6 months of age.
Social Referencing
Social Referencing requires three components:
looking at another older individual in a novel ambigous situation
association of emotional response with the unfamiliar situation
regulating their own emotional response in accord with the response of the older individual
Techniques for controlling one’s emotional states
Emotional Regulation
Children of _________ are not only likely to be securely attached themselves but also are likely to regulate their own emotions in a positive manner
Secure mothers
__________ affects the infant’s social and emotional development , permits the infant and the child to develop notions of sharing and cooperation. Development of Self conscious emotions such as embarrassment, envy, empathy, pride, guilt, and shame
Self Awareness
Individual differences in style of reaction that is present early in life, genetic componenet
Temperament
Three types of temperament
Easy—— predicatble, regular sleep/eating, cheerful
Difficult— unpredictable, irregular sleep/eating, crying
Slow-to-warm-up– both characteristics
Agreement between the parent’s expectations of a child and the child’s temperament
Goodness of Fit
