Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development Flashcards
True or false: The growth rate slows during the preschool years
True
By the age of five, the brain has reached _____ of it’s adult weight
90%
The parts of the brain that enable the child to sustain attention and screen out distractions becomes increasingly myelinated between the ages of about ____ to _______
four to seven
Left hemisphere is relatively more involved in
logical analysis, problem solving, language, and computation
Right Hemisphere is relatively more involved in
visual spatial functions, aesthetics, emotional responses, and understanding metaphors
The right and left hemisphere are aided in cooperation by the
corpus callosum
__________, the tendency of new parts of the brain to take up the functions of injured parts. Greatest at about one to two years of age
Plasticity
____________ involve the large muscles used in locomotion
Gross motor skills
Girls and boys are similar in motor skills however girls are better at _____ and ______; while boys are better at ______ and _______
Balancing and precision
Throwing and kicking
Preschoolers spend an average of more than __________ a week in large muscle activity, they are more likely to engage in physically oriented play such as grasping, banging, and mouthing objects
25 hours a week
____________ involve the small muscles used in manipulation and coordination, control over wrist and fingers
Fine motor skills
_____________ is linked to the the development of motor and cognitive skills
artistic development
Two to three years old need ______ to ______ calories of food per day
1,000 to 1,400 calories
four to eight years old require _______ to ______ calories of food per day depending on their growth and activity level
1,200-2,000 calories
Minor illnesses such as colds, diarrhea and vomiting are________ and in that most children come down with them
normal
Childhood illnesses can lead to the creation of ________, that aid in preventing the children from coming down with the same illnesses in adult hood
Antibodies
The single most common cause of death in early childhood is ___________
motor vehicle accidents
True or False: Girls are more likely than boys to incur accidental injuries at all ages and in all socioeconomic groups
False: Boys are more likely
________ frightening dreamlike experience that occur during the during the stage of non-REM sleep shortly after the child has gone to sleep
Sleep terrors
Sleepwalking, or ____________ is more common among children than adult, tends to occur during deep sleep. When children sleepwalk, they may arrange toys, go to the bathroom or go to the refrigerator and have a glass of milk. It is assumed to reflect the immaturity of the nervous system
Somnambulism
Most american children are toilet trained between the ages of ______ and ______
three and four
_________, failure to control the bladder once the normal age for achieving bladder control has been reached, Cut off at age five
Enuresis
_________, failure to control the bladder during the night, tends to occur during the deepest stage of sleep
bed-wetting
Soiling, ______, lack of control over the bowels , more common among boys, more likely to occur during the day
encopresis
According to Piaget, the _____________ stage of cognitive development lasts from about age two to age seven
Preoperational Stage
_________ play in which children make believe that objects and toys are other than what they are. also called pretend play
symbollic play
Children first engage in pretend play at about ___ to ___ months
12 to 13 months
___________ _________ are an example of pretend play, most commonly found among first born and only children. DOES NOT mean that the children has problems with real relationships
Imaginary Companions
One dimensional thinking, ________________, preoperational children do not understand that other people may have different perspectives on the world.
Egocentrism
__________ a type of thought in which natural causes-and-effect relationship are attributed to will and other preoperational concepts
Precasual
____________ reasoning from the specific to the specific
Transductive reasoning
The attribution of life and intentionality to inanimate objects
animism
the belief that environmental features were made by people
artificialism
In cognitive psychology, the principle that properties of substance such as volume, mass, and number remain the same even when the shape or arrangement is altered
Conservation
A preoperational child focuses or centers only one dimension at a time, a characteristic of thought that Piaget called
centration
Categorizing a new object or concept as belonging to a broader group of objects or concepts
Class inclusion
Vygotsky’s term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as her or she learns to function independently
scaffolding
_________ has great potential for teaching a variety of cognitive skills, social behaviors, and attitudes
Television
A common sense of understanding of how the mind works, Piaget believe they were too egocentric yet studies have shown they have the ability to understand and seperate their beliefs from those of another person who has false knowledge of the situation
Theory of mind
The difference between real events on the one hand and mental events, fantasies and misleading appearances on the other hand
Appearance-reality distinction
Abstract, generalized accounts of familiar repeated events
scripts
The memory of specific episodes or events
autobiographical memory
A process of quickly determining a word’s meaning, which facilitates children’s vocabulary development
Fast mapping
The assumption that words refer to whole objects and not to their component parts or characteristics
Whole-object assumption
The assumption that objects have only one label
Contrast assumption
