Infancy: Physical Development

Question 1

The three key sequences of physical development are

Answer 1

Cephalocaudal development
proximodistal
differentation

Question 2

________ development proceeds from the upper part of the head to the lowers parts of the body, the heads develop more rapidly than the rest of the body during the embryonic stage.

Answer 2

Cephalocaudal development

Question 3

_________ development proceeds from the trunk out toward, from the body’s central axis toward the periphery, functions must be in operation or ready to operate when the child is born

Answer 3

Proximosdistal development

Question 4

The process by which behaviors and physical structures become specialized

Answer 4

Differentiation

Question 5

Most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during _________

Answer 5

prenatal development

Question 6

Infants usually double their birth weight in about five months and _______ it by the first birthday

Answer 6

Triple, 3x

Question 7

Their height increases by about ____ in the first year

Answer 7

50%

Question 8

A disorder of infancy and early childhood characterized by variable eating and inadequate gains in weight. FEEDING PROBLEMS ARE CENTRAL. Linked to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems.

Answer 8

Failure to Thrive

Question 9

_____ FTT underlying health problems, biological

Answer 9

Organic

Question 10

______ FTT apparently has psychological roots, social roots or both

Answer 10

Nonorganic

Question 11

The tendency of growth rates to return to normal after undergoing environmentally induced change

Answer 11

Canalization

Question 12

The introduction of solid is not recommended until about _________ of age

Answer 12

4 to 6 months

Question 13

Physicians recommend that infants be fed breast milk throughout the ____

Answer 13

first year and longer if possible

Question 14

________ is considered by most health professionals to be the “medical gold standard”

Answer 14

Breast Milk

Question 15

Advantages of breast milk for an infant

Answer 15

• unlikely to upset the infant’s stomach
• immune system
• protection from a form of cancer, lymphoma
• diarrhea
• allergic response
• less likely to be obese
• promotes myelination

Question 16

Advantages of breast feeding for a mother

Answer 16

• reduce the risk of breast cancer, and ovarian cancer
• strength of bones, osteoporosis
• shrink the uterus after delivery

Question 17

Downsides to Breast Feeding

Answer 17

• transmits HIV
• Alcohol and drugs, and environmental hazards can be transmitted
• soreness of breast
• continually available for the baby’s needs

Question 18

Bundles of axons from many neurons

Answer 18

Nerves

Question 19

Cells in the nervous system that transmit messages

Answer 19

Neurons

Question 20

Rootlike part of neurons that receive impulses from other neurons

Answer 20

Dendrites

Question 21

A long thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons through branching structures called axon terminals

Answer 21

Axon

Question 22

A chemical that transmits a neural impulse across a synapse from one neuron to another

Answer 22

Neurotransmitter

Question 23

A fatty, whitish substance that encases and insulates axons

Answer 23

Myelin sheath

Question 24

The coating of axons with myelin, ________, is not complete at birth, but rather is part of the maturation process that leads to the abilities to crawl and walk during the first year after birth

Answer 24

Myelination

Question 25

A disorder in which hard fibrous tissue replaces myelin, impeding neural transmission

Answer 25

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 26

With the principles of cephalocaudal growth, an infant’s brain triples in weight, reaching nearly ____ of its adult weight by the age of one year

Answer 26

70%

Question 27

An area of the lower, back part of the brain involved in heartbeat and respiration

Answer 27

medulla

Question 28

The area lower back part of the brain involved in coordination and balance

Answer 28

cerebellum

Question 29

The largest rounded part of the brain, responsible for learning, thought, memory, and language

Answer 29

Cerebrum

Question 30

______ develops rapidly along the major motor pathways from the cerebral cortex, as ______ progresses and the interconnections between the various areas of the cortex thicken, children become increasingly capable of complex and intergrated sensorimotor activity

Answer 30

Myelin, myelination

Question 31

_____________ sparks growth of the cortex, complex environments develop heavier brains than control.

Answer 31

Sensory stimulation

Question 32

grasping objects between the fingers and the palm

Answer 32

ulnar grasp

Question 33

grasping objects between the fingers and the thumb

Answer 33

pincer grasp

Question 34

movement from one place to another

Answer 34

locomotion

Question 35

Order of sequence of locomotion

Answer 35

6 months- roll over
7 months- sit up by themselves
8-9 months- crawl
12-15 months- walking

Question 36

A child who walks with short, uncertain steps

Answer 36

toddler

Question 37

Newborns are extremely nearsighted , with vision beginning at about 20/600. that most dramatic gains in visual acuity are made between ________ with acuity reaching about 20/50

Answer 37

birth and 6 months of age

Question 38

Within _________ after birth, vision has become the dominant sense

Answer 38

5-6 months

Question 39

By ________ years, visual acuity generally approximates adult levels

Answer 39

3-5 years