Infancy: Physical Development Flashcards
The three key sequences of physical development are
Cephalocaudal development
proximodistal
differentation
________ development proceeds from the upper part of the head to the lowers parts of the body, the heads develop more rapidly than the rest of the body during the embryonic stage.
Cephalocaudal development
_________ development proceeds from the trunk out toward, from the body’s central axis toward the periphery, functions must be in operation or ready to operate when the child is born
Proximosdistal development
The process by which behaviors and physical structures become specialized
Differentiation
Most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during _________
prenatal development
Infants usually double their birth weight in about five months and _______ it by the first birthday
Triple, 3x
Their height increases by about ____ in the first year
50%
A disorder of infancy and early childhood characterized by variable eating and inadequate gains in weight. FEEDING PROBLEMS ARE CENTRAL. Linked to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems.
Failure to Thrive
_____ FTT underlying health problems, biological
Organic
______ FTT apparently has psychological roots, social roots or both
Nonorganic
The tendency of growth rates to return to normal after undergoing environmentally induced change
Canalization
The introduction of solid is not recommended until about _________ of age
4 to 6 months
Physicians recommend that infants be fed breast milk throughout the ____
first year and longer if possible
________ is considered by most health professionals to be the “medical gold standard”
Breast Milk
Advantages of breast milk for an infant
- unlikely to upset the infant’s stomach
- immune system
- protection from a form of cancer, lymphoma
- diarrhea
- allergic response
- less likely to be obese
- promotes myelination
Advantages of breast feeding for a mother
- reduce the risk of breast cancer, and ovarian cancer
- strength of bones, osteoporosis
- shrink the uterus after delivery
Downsides to Breast Feeding
- transmits HIV
- Alcohol and drugs, and environmental hazards can be transmitted
- soreness of breast
- continually available for the baby’s needs
Bundles of axons from many neurons
Nerves
Cells in the nervous system that transmit messages
Neurons
Rootlike part of neurons that receive impulses from other neurons
Dendrites
A long thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons through branching structures called axon terminals
Axon
A chemical that transmits a neural impulse across a synapse from one neuron to another
Neurotransmitter
A fatty, whitish substance that encases and insulates axons
Myelin sheath
The coating of axons with myelin, ________, is not complete at birth, but rather is part of the maturation process that leads to the abilities to crawl and walk during the first year after birth
Myelination
A disorder in which hard fibrous tissue replaces myelin, impeding neural transmission
Multiple Sclerosis
With the principles of cephalocaudal growth, an infant’s brain triples in weight, reaching nearly ____ of its adult weight by the age of one year
70%
An area of the lower, back part of the brain involved in heartbeat and respiration
medulla
The area lower back part of the brain involved in coordination and balance
cerebellum
The largest rounded part of the brain, responsible for learning, thought, memory, and language
Cerebrum
______ develops rapidly along the major motor pathways from the cerebral cortex, as ______ progresses and the interconnections between the various areas of the cortex thicken, children become increasingly capable of complex and intergrated sensorimotor activity
Myelin, myelination
_____________ sparks growth of the cortex, complex environments develop heavier brains than control.
Sensory stimulation
grasping objects between the fingers and the palm
ulnar grasp
grasping objects between the fingers and the thumb
pincer grasp
movement from one place to another
locomotion
Order of sequence of locomotion
6 months- roll over
7 months- sit up by themselves
8-9 months- crawl
12-15 months- walking
A child who walks with short, uncertain steps
toddler
Newborns are extremely nearsighted , with vision beginning at about 20/600. that most dramatic gains in visual acuity are made between ________ with acuity reaching about 20/50
birth and 6 months of age
Within _________ after birth, vision has become the dominant sense
5-6 months
By ________ years, visual acuity generally approximates adult levels
3-5 years
