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Human Development > Infancy: Cognitive Development > Flashcards

Infancy: Cognitive Development Flashcards

1
Q

_________ labeled children’s concept of the world schemes. He hypothesized that children try to use assimilation to absorb new events into existing schemes. When assimilation does not allow the child to make sense of novel events, children try to modify existing schemes through accommodation

A

Piaget

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2
Q

Piaget’s ____________ refers to the first two years of cognitive development, a time during which infants progress from responding to event with reflexes or ready made schemes, to goal oriented behavior

A

Sensorimotor stage

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3
Q

Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into Six substages, which are

A
  1. Simple Reflexes
  2. Primary Circular Reactions
  3. Secondary Circular Reactions
  4. Coordination of secondary schemes
  5. Teritiary Circular Reactions
  6. Invention of new means through mental combinations
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4
Q

Characteristics of simple reflexes, first substage:

A

first month after birth
inborn reflexes, connection between stimulation
no effort to grasp objects that they visually tract

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5
Q

Characteristics of Primary Circular Reactions, second substage:

A

one to four months of age
ability to coordinate various sensorimotor schemes
repeat stimulating actions that first occured by chance
focuses on infant’s own body rather than on the external environment

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6
Q

Characteristics of Secondary Circular Reactions, third substage:

A

four to eight months
patterns of activity are repeated because of their effect on the environment
focus shifts to objects and environmental events

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7
Q

Characteristics of Coordination of Secondary Schemes, fourth substage:

A

8 to 12 months of age
infants coordinate their behavior to attain specific goals
imitate gestures and sounds that they had previously ignored

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8
Q

Characteristics of Teritiary Circular Reactions, Fifth substage:

A

12-18 months of age
purposeful of adaptations of establishing schemes to specific situations
trial and error fashion to learn how things work

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9
Q

Characteristics of Invention of new means through mental combintion, Six substage:

A

18-24 months of age
serves as a transition between sensorimotor development of symbolic thought.
use mental trial and error in solving problems

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10
Q

A recognition that objects continue to exist when they are not in view

A

Object Permenance

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11
Q

True or false: for two month old infants, “out of sight” is truly “out of mind”

A

True

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12
Q

The error made when an infant selects a familiar hiding place for an object rather than a new hiding place, even after the infant has seen it hidden in the new place

A

A not B error

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13
Q

The imitation of people and events that occurred in the past

A

Defered imitation

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14
Q

The view of cognitive development that focuses on how children manipulate sensory information and or information stored in memory

A

Information-processing approach

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15
Q

These _____ _____, are activated when the individual performs a motor act or observes another individual engaging in the same act, also connected with emotions, empathy.

A

Mirror neurons

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16
Q

Vocalizations made by the infant before the use of language, such as cooing and babbling, NOT CRYING

A

Prelinguistic

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17
Q

Prelinguistic vowel like sounds that reflects feeling of pleasure or positive excitement

A

Cooing

18
Q

The child’s first vocalizations that have the sounds of speech, by about 8 months of age

A

Babbling

19
Q

The automatic repetition of sounds or words, at 10-12 months of age

A

Echolalia

20
Q

The use of pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning, resemble sounds of adult speech

A

Intonation

21
Q

The number of words one understands

A

Receptive vocabulary

22
Q

The number of words one can use in the production of language

A

Expressive Vocabulary

23
Q

Use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended

A

Overextension

24
Q

A type of speech in which only essential words are used

A

Telgraphic speech

25
Q

The average number of morphemes used in an utterance

A

Mean length of utterance

26
Q

The smallest unit of meaning in a language

A

Morpheme

27
Q

A single word that is used to express complex meanings

A

Holophrases

28
Q

The rules in a language for placing words in order to form sentences

A

syntax

29
Q

In learning theory, those whose behaviors are imitated by others

A

Models

30
Q

decrease in frequency of a response due to absence of reinforcement, B.F Skinner

A

Extinctions

31
Q

Gradual building of complex behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to the target behavior

A

Shaping

32
Q

The view that language learning involves an interaction between environmental influences and an inborn tendency to acquire language

A

Psycholinguistic theory

33
Q

__________ inborn tendency to acquire language, believes that the LAD serves children all over the world because languages share a universal grammar. Children are genetically prewired to attend to language and deduce the rules for constructing sentences from ideas

A

Noam Chomsky

34
Q

Neural “prewiring” that eases the child’s learning of grammar. Universality of human language abilities in the regularity if the early production of sounds

A

language Acquisition device (LAD)

35
Q

the superficial grammatical construction of a sentence

A

Surface structure

36
Q

set of rules for transforming ideas into sentences, underlying meaning of a sentence

A

Deep structure

37
Q

A disruption in the ability to understand or produce language

A

Aphasia

38
Q

An aphasia caused by damage to Broca’s area and characterized by difficulty of speaking

A

Broca’s aphasia

39
Q

An aphasia caused by damage to Wernickes area and characterized by impaired comprehension of speech and difficulty producing the right word

A

Wernickes aphasia

40
Q

The period from about 18 months to puberty when the brain is especially capable of learning language. Also called the Sensitive period

A

Critical Period

Human Development (17 decks)

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