Infancy: Cognitive Development Flashcards
_________ labeled children’s concept of the world schemes. He hypothesized that children try to use assimilation to absorb new events into existing schemes. When assimilation does not allow the child to make sense of novel events, children try to modify existing schemes through accommodation
Piaget
Piaget’s ____________ refers to the first two years of cognitive development, a time during which infants progress from responding to event with reflexes or ready made schemes, to goal oriented behavior
Sensorimotor stage
Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into Six substages, which are
- Simple Reflexes
- Primary Circular Reactions
- Secondary Circular Reactions
- Coordination of secondary schemes
- Teritiary Circular Reactions
- Invention of new means through mental combinations
Characteristics of simple reflexes, first substage:
first month after birth
inborn reflexes, connection between stimulation
no effort to grasp objects that they visually tract
Characteristics of Primary Circular Reactions, second substage:
one to four months of age
ability to coordinate various sensorimotor schemes
repeat stimulating actions that first occured by chance
focuses on infant’s own body rather than on the external environment
Characteristics of Secondary Circular Reactions, third substage:
four to eight months
patterns of activity are repeated because of their effect on the environment
focus shifts to objects and environmental events
Characteristics of Coordination of Secondary Schemes, fourth substage:
8 to 12 months of age
infants coordinate their behavior to attain specific goals
imitate gestures and sounds that they had previously ignored
Characteristics of Teritiary Circular Reactions, Fifth substage:
12-18 months of age
purposeful of adaptations of establishing schemes to specific situations
trial and error fashion to learn how things work
Characteristics of Invention of new means through mental combintion, Six substage:
18-24 months of age
serves as a transition between sensorimotor development of symbolic thought.
use mental trial and error in solving problems
A recognition that objects continue to exist when they are not in view
Object Permenance
True or false: for two month old infants, “out of sight” is truly “out of mind”
True
The error made when an infant selects a familiar hiding place for an object rather than a new hiding place, even after the infant has seen it hidden in the new place
A not B error
The imitation of people and events that occurred in the past
Defered imitation
The view of cognitive development that focuses on how children manipulate sensory information and or information stored in memory
Information-processing approach
These _____ _____, are activated when the individual performs a motor act or observes another individual engaging in the same act, also connected with emotions, empathy.
Mirror neurons
Vocalizations made by the infant before the use of language, such as cooing and babbling, NOT CRYING
Prelinguistic
Prelinguistic vowel like sounds that reflects feeling of pleasure or positive excitement
Cooing
The child’s first vocalizations that have the sounds of speech, by about 8 months of age
Babbling
The automatic repetition of sounds or words, at 10-12 months of age
Echolalia
The use of pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning, resemble sounds of adult speech
Intonation
The number of words one understands
Receptive vocabulary
The number of words one can use in the production of language
Expressive Vocabulary
Use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended
Overextension
A type of speech in which only essential words are used
Telgraphic speech
The average number of morphemes used in an utterance
Mean length of utterance
The smallest unit of meaning in a language
Morpheme
A single word that is used to express complex meanings
Holophrases
The rules in a language for placing words in order to form sentences
syntax
In learning theory, those whose behaviors are imitated by others
Models
decrease in frequency of a response due to absence of reinforcement, B.F Skinner
Extinctions
Gradual building of complex behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to the target behavior
Shaping
The view that language learning involves an interaction between environmental influences and an inborn tendency to acquire language
Psycholinguistic theory
__________ inborn tendency to acquire language, believes that the LAD serves children all over the world because languages share a universal grammar. Children are genetically prewired to attend to language and deduce the rules for constructing sentences from ideas
Noam Chomsky
Neural “prewiring” that eases the child’s learning of grammar. Universality of human language abilities in the regularity if the early production of sounds
language Acquisition device (LAD)
the superficial grammatical construction of a sentence
Surface structure
set of rules for transforming ideas into sentences, underlying meaning of a sentence
Deep structure
A disruption in the ability to understand or produce language
Aphasia
An aphasia caused by damage to Broca’s area and characterized by difficulty of speaking
Broca’s aphasia
An aphasia caused by damage to Wernickes area and characterized by impaired comprehension of speech and difficulty producing the right word
Wernickes aphasia
The period from about 18 months to puberty when the brain is especially capable of learning language. Also called the Sensitive period
Critical Period
