industrial surgery Flashcards
what were the problems with surgery the 19th century?
no effective anesthetics some gave patients opium or alchohol surgory ahd to be quick and not deep for risk of infection and pain most surgery limited to amputations of growths and limbs and patients died from the pain
opium
opium it had been used scine medival times and can completley munb pain but doseage difficlut giving a patient too much will kill them
alcohol
used scince medival time and redcued ablity to feel pain but makes the heart beat faster so difficalut to control bleeding
Nitrus Oxide
discovered in 1795 by humphrey davy and thomas beddoes wasn’t used till 1844 when american dentists realised could numb pain it made paitents laugh feel giidy and relax but did not make them unconcoius and when it was descovered doctors did not take it seriousley as a way to mange pain
ether
1842 used to take out a tooth by william clark an american dentist and inhaling it made patients unconsoius but it irritated the lungs causing coughing and sickness and catches fire easily
chloroform
was discovered in 1874 by james simpson how was proffesor of midwifery and was anry at women;s suffering who was trying differnt possible combinations of anesthetic with friends when his wife came and found them all asleep under the table inhaling it makes you unconsoius but dosage differences btween men and women of same body size was not understood leading to deaths
key dates on the road to chlorophormhen was the 1st use of an anesthetic in an operation
1846 jhon warren carrued out an operation with ether to remove a tumour from a patient’s kneck
oppostion to chlorophorm
was consiered cowerdly in the army as was though it would make soliders soft and therefore inaffective
was thought pain helped with the ehaling process
many belived pain was invented by god and bible said childbirht supposed to be apinful so shouldn’t remove it
some were worried about overdoes deaths
and uncovered side effects
some pople feared what doctors would do if they couldn’t see them
what was the main problem with chlotophorm and new advances in anesthetics?
it meant deeper surgoires were carried out increasing the risk of infection and surgons not yet skilled at complex surgery so the death rate acctually went up known as the ‘black peirod of surgery’ 1846-1870
wich celebraty helped bring chlorophorm into popular use
Queen Victoris when she use it during childbirht in 1853
how were doseage issues with chlorophorm preventes
the chlorophorm inhaler invented in 1879 allowing doseage control
what was early progress towards stopping infections?
Ignas Semmellweiss in vienna materinity ward in 1847 and got all doctors to wash their hands in calcium chloride solution before trating patients and the death rate fell from 35-1% of mothers on his ward
outline the development of antiseptic surgery
Joseph Lister ‘the father of antiseptic surgery’ applied germ theory and carboilc acid was an antiseptic used in the treatment of sewage so lessen the smell and lister realised it might be doing this by destroying germs so raild it inoperations soaking bangades spraying surgon’s ahnds and intruments and even invted a spraying machine to help reducing his mortality rate form 45-15% in 3 years
what were the oppositions to lister?
people did not like the extra work and it fact it irriated their hands as well as slowing down the surgon and other’s success rate was not so good and people though the chemicals stoped the immune system from working as well as the fact people disbelived germ theory or lister’s death rates. lister also changed techniques often and people saud this was beacuse they did not work
who was william s halstead?
listen to a nruse caroline hampton who said the chemicals harmed their hands so saked goodyear rubber to develop rubber golved that protected the patients and the nurses and the introdueced caps masks and gown s to surgery
