Industrial and modern public health Flashcards
how did the population of Sheffield expand between 1750 and 1850
12,000 people to 150,000 people
why were the first industrial town so unhealthy?
old houses adapted and new houses built to accommodate rising population no planning regulations so houses built poorly and cheaply sometimes back to back created desperate conditions houses damp and poorly ventilated
main problems in industrial towns
few houses has toiletts ( had bucket or street toilet)
water pump provide water often water come from local river or pond so filthy
no rubbish collections street cleaners of sewage pipes spread diseases and contaminate rivers/ drinking water houses overcrowded
how did industry contribute to poor public health in industrial times
factory chimneys let out smoke air quality terrible factories put waste products into polluted rivers
caused new diseases chimney sweeps (that go up chimneys) get scrotal cancer and match girls get phossy-jaw
coal miners- lung disease
no laws to prevent regulation of food (so foood dyes in sweets were made of lead carbonate)
what was the attitude of the government towards public health in industrial times
laissez-faire did not want to interfere with people’s lives it was belived that things like working conditons were not the concern of the government
what was set up to help the first cholera outbakes in britain and when were they
the cholera outbrake of 1832 21,000 people die boards of health set up then disbanded but continued outrbakes until 1854
how did the national government decied to act after the cholera out brakes of 1837 and 38?
they set up an inquiry with Edwin Chadwick at the head and in 1842 chadwick published his report estbalishing link between poor living conditions and disease and life expectancy horrified the wealthy classes
what did Edwin Chadwick suggest in his report
improving drainage and sewers
removing waste from the streets and houses
proving clean water supplies
appointing medical officers in each town to make sure the reforms are stuck to
who backed up Chadwick’s report
William Farr pushed for compulsory registration of births marriages and deaths (1837) so there could be statistical data of early deaths among working classes
Thomas Smith publish findings of 14,00 cases of fever among poor of white chapple
who were the ‘clean party’ and the ‘dirty party’
‘clean party’- chadwick and Southwood Smith lobby for public health reform help set up ‘Health of town association 1884’ to provide evidence of poor conditons
‘Dirty party’ oppose reforms belive in lassez fair and responsibility of poor to get out bad situation said reforms too expensive belive that threat of cholera overplayed
people should be free to be dirty
mps made money from slums
what happened due to the 1848 cholera outbrake
1848 public health act
national board of health created- could set up boards in local towns with high death rates could improve drainage rubbish removal provide toilets and imrpove water supplies
medical officer appointed to report on dangers to health if 10% rent payers want it
not compulsory
impact in liverpool birmingham and sunderland 1853- 103 towns with health boards
opposition the the 1st public health act
non compulsory- not far enough
no one wanted to pay for it
no one know what cause disease so don’t know how to prevent it
Jhon snow in the 1854 cholera outbrake
there were 500 victims at snow’s surgory in 10 days after analysis relised that all got water from same pump got permission to have handel of pump removed deaths stop
prove cholera spread in water
the great stink and its impact on the government
1858 heat wave so huge smell from poluted themes causing government to move this combined with snow and pasteur force governemt to act so bazalgette build proper sewage system finish in 1866 and cholera never return to london
reform act on public health
1876 allow working class men to get vote! so politions have to act in their interests and change public health
public health act of 1875
local authories can enforce regulations on sanitaion and water supplies concils compelled to to provide street lights clean water drainage sewage disposal town councils forced to appoint inpectors and sanitary health inspectors
why were there liberal reforms
Britan feels threatened as workshop of the world they don’t want to loose this status things are very tense in europe and feels close to war
therefore try to improve public health in population so healthier for work/ war
40% of men who voulenterred for boer war turned away beacuse were unhealth and unfit
what main areas were the liberal reforms in?
Mothers, children, the old and homless, the unemployed
what was a liberal reform to help mothers?
1902: train midwives
1907: hea;th visitors to teach mothers how to protect baby’s health
what were liberal reforms to help children?
1906 free school meals
1907 school medical inspectors
1908 children’s charter
1912 clinics set up to give children free medical treatment
what were liberal reforms to help the old
everyone aged over 70 to get a pension of 5 shillings a week 1908
what were liberal reforms for homeless
1909 ban back to back housing
who was charles booth?
investigated poverty in london in 1889- 1903
found 30% of people don’t have enough money to buy basics
85% of poor people poor beacuse didn’t have a job or wages were too low
stressed wasn’t peopl’s fault they were poor
who was seebohm rowntree
interviewed 46,000 people in york
wrote a study in town life in 1901
introduced the idea of the poverty line
showed people not poor beacuse lazy
when was natonial insurance intorduced
1911 requiered workers and government to pay into a sickness fund so people still have money if unemployed or sick however only cover people in work and not women and children
how significant were liberal reforms
1st time government try to improve lives and make co ordinated attack on poverty
loyed goeorge- budget to tax the rich and help poor was refused by house of lords ( though it would weaken the moral fiber of the nation) and led to 2 general elections before it got through
amoutns provided in benifts were very small
pension didn’t start untill 70 but excpected living age 50
people though didn’t go far enough
the interwar years
1920- national insurance cover all workers
1925- pension age lowered to 65
hungary thirties 3 million unemployed the was a depression most money spent on unemplyment rather then reforms
1919- minsrty for heath set up ( first time united organiseation responsible for health) and housing and town planning act meant more houses were built and give power to local authorites so they can build the 1st council houses homes fit for heros 200,00 new houses built
attempts made to reform health care but remained uncoordinated some care provied by voulentary (1/3 of hospitals) funds somy by government
why did attitudes change after WW1
people felt that everyone fought for their country and so thw country should be madde better for everyone
and intergration of classes in the trenches made people realise the horibble conditons that some lived in and wanted to help them
what were some measured introduced in WW2
1940 free school meals extened and free milk extened
vitimins were more generally avalible
the government set up emergency medcial services wich provied free hosputal treatment to cope with the injuies in the blitz
what was the bevergidge report
1942- sir william beverage
it said that all people people had the right to be free of the 5 giants:
want
diease
igorance
squalor
idleness
over 100,000 copies sold
why was the welfare state intoduced
only 1/2 the population had health insurance and it was failing people could not afford to pay and the death rate of abies was rising
what did the labour government do for housing
they gave financial aid for local authorites to rebuild towns and cites on million new homes were built between 1946 and 1951
many of them were council houses
they built prefabs and new towns such as harlow and demolished slums
what did the labour government to for social security
1946 national insurance act provided benifits for unemployed, prgneant women, pensions, the sick, widows mothers
whole population now insured for sickness retierment maternity and death
what did the labour reforms do for education
1944 education act free priary and secondary education and school age raised to 15 1946
1948 employment and traning act to establisha skilled workforce provied training opportunites
the NHS
introduced in 1948 provied free healthcare for all
all hospitals brought under state control
hospits optians dentists and all heakth practioners brought under one umbreller organisation
financed through taxation
loads of epopel used it straight away so they had to bring in charges for dentists and optitons the cost doubled in first 2 years the first chrages intoduced for specticals in 1950 that last still today
they continue to have funding and staffing problems with aging populatiojn ect
new technology made treatments more expensive
who oppposed the NHS
doctors the conservitve party and british medical association
docotrs worry would losse money and didn’t want to loose agency of choosing who to treat
conservites though that it would be too expensive
by 1948 90% doctors singed up
what was the short term impact of the NHS
funded medical reserch
NHs trained specalist staff grants provied to help fund degrees and qualifications medical carrers became more accessible
vaccination progeams intorduced
doctors more evenly distributed around the country
heakth centers set up
long term impacts of NHS
infant mortality deacreased
immunisatios iradicated disease polio vaccines introduce s1950smmean there has not been a singel case of polio scince 1980s
people now live 13 years longer than they did in 1948
causes of death changed non communicaboe life style diseases now more likly to kill people
