In praise of leisure

Question 1

여가는그들의 깨어 있는 시간을 일하는 시간보다 더 많이 차지하게 될 것입니다.

Answer 1

Leisure would occupy far more of their waking hours than work.
*waking hours 깨어 있는 시간

Question 2

conjure up [kɑ:ndʒər] 1

Answer 2

It was exactly this prospect that John Maynard Keynes conjured up in a little essay published in 1930 called “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren.”
[VERB] to present to the mind; evoke or imagine

Question 3

attend to

Answer 3

The world had much more urgent problems to attend to, including getting out of the Great Depression.
*to deal with or take responsibility for something; to give practical help to somebody who needs it

Question 4

revert to [rɪvɜ:rt] 2

Answer 4

And Keynes himself never explicitly reverted to his vision, though the dream of a workless future was always there in the background of his thinking.
[VERB] [WRITTEN] When someone reverts to a previous topic, they start talking or thinking about it again.

Question 5

drop [drɒp]

Answer 5

Nevertheless, there are good reasons for returning to the questions Keynes raised, then dropped.
[VERB] If you drop an idea, course of action, or habit, you do not continue with it.

Question 6

돈을 버는 것은 그자체로 목적이 될 수 없습니다.

Answer 6

Making money cannot be an end in itself.

*be an end in itself 그 자체로 목적이 되다.

Question 7

Contraction [kəntrækʃən]2

Answer 7

We in the West are once more in the midst of a Great Contraction, the worst since the Great Depression.
[NOUN] When a woman who is about to give birth has contractions, she experiences a very strong, painful tightening of the muscles of her womb.수축

Question 8

inspection [ɪnspekʃən]2<inspect [ɪnspekt]2

Answer 8

A great crisis is like an inspection: it exposes the faults of a social system, and it prompts the search for alternatives.
[VERB] If you inspect something, you look at every part of it carefully in order to find out about it or check that it is all right.

Question 9

vantage point [vɑ:ntɪdʒ pɔɪnt, vænt-] 1

Answer 9

Keynes’s essay offers a vantage point from which to consider the future of capitalism.
[NOUN] [oft with poss] If you view a situation from a particular vantage point, you have a clear understanding of it because of the particular period of time you are in.

Question 10

bring (something) to light

obscure [ɒbskjʊər] 2

unanimous [ju:nænɪməs] 2

Answer 10

The situation has brought to light two defects in the system, usually obscured by the near-unanimous commitment to growth at almost any cost.
*show information, evidence, etc 만천하에 드러나게 하다
[VERB] If one thing obscures another, it prevents it from being seen or heard properly.

Question 11

acquisitive[əkwɪzɪtɪv]2

repugnant [rɪpʌgnənt] 2

Answer 11

The banking crisis has shown yet again that the present system relies on motives of greed and acquisitiveness, which are morally repugnant.
[ADJ] [disapproval] If you describe a person or an organization as acquisitive, you do not approve of them because you think they are too concerned with getting new possessions.
[ADJ] [FORMAL] If you think that something is horrible and disgusting, you can say that it is repugnant.

Question 12

latterly [lætərli]1

trickle down

Answer 12

It also divides societies into rich and poor, latterly very rich and very poor, justified by some version of the “trickle down” idea.
[ADV] [WRITTEN] You can use latterly to indicate that a situation or event is the most recent one.
*to spread from rich to poor people through the economic system of a country

Question 13

offend [əfend] 2

Answer 13

The coexistence of great wealth and great poverty, especially in societies in which there is enough for everyone, offends our sense of justice.
[VERB] If you offend someone, you say or do something rude which upsets or embarrasses them.

Question 14

palpable [pælpəbəl]1

Answer 14

Second, the crisis has exposed capitalism’s palpable economic problems.
[ADJ] You describe something as palpable when it is obvious or intense and easily noticed.

Question 15

liquidate [lɪkwzɪdeɪt]1

Answer 15

Heavily indebted countries are told that the bond markets will not be satisfied until they have liquidated a large fraction of their national incomes.
[VERB] [BUSINESS] If a company liquidates its assets, its property such as buildings or machinery is sold in order to get money.

Question 16

approbation [æprəbeɪʃən] 1 3

Answer 16

He thought that with the coming of plenty, this motivational drive would lose its social approbation.
[NOUN] [FORMAL] Approbation is approval of something or agreement to it.

Question 17

그는 풍요의 시대가 도래하면서, 이런 동기가 되는 욕구가 그것의 사회적 승인을 잃을 것이라 생각했다.

Answer 17

He thought that with the coming of plenty, this motivational drive would lose its social approbation.
*with the coming of plenty: 풍요의 시대가 도래하면서

Question 18

disciplinary [dɪsɪplɪneri]1

Answer 18

Such questions are seldom asked, because they do not fall neatly into any of the disciplinary boxes that make up modern intellectual life.
[ADJ] Disciplinary bodies or actions are concerned with making sure that people obey rules or regulations and that they are punished if they do not.징계의
*box:틀

Question 19

unmindful [ʌn|maɪndfʊl] 2

empirical [ɪmpɪrɪkəl] 2

Answer 19

Philosophers construct systems of perfect justice, unmindful of the messiness of empirical reality.
[ADJ] [(usually postpositive, and foll by of)] careless, heedless, or forgetful
[ADJ] Empirical evidence or study relies on practical experience rather than theories.

Question 20

discipline [dɪsɪplɪn]1

Answer 20

We need to bring together insights from both disciplines

[NOUN] [FORMAL] A discipline is a particular area of study, especially a subject of study in a college or university.

Question 21

prophecy [prɒfɪsi]1

Answer 21

Let’s begin by pondering the reasons for the failure of Keynes’s prophecy.
[NOUN] A prophecy is a statement in which someone says they strongly believe that a particular thing will happen.

Question 22

왜, 그의 성장에 관련한 예언의 놀라운 정확성에도 불구하고, 대부분의 우리들은 거의 100년동안(100년이 지난 지금도) 계속해서 그가 그 미래지향적인 에세이를 썼을때 만큼이나 열심히 일하고 있는 것일까요?

Answer 22

Why, despite the surprising accuracy of his growth forecasts, are most of us, almost 100 years on, still working about as hard as we were when he wrote his futuristic essay?
*almost 100 years on: on은 계속의 의미로, 100년이 지난 지금도의 의미

Question 23

inflame [ɪnfleɪm] 2

Answer 23

The answer is that a free-market economy both gives employers the power to dictate hours and terms of work and inflames our innate tendency toward competitive, status-driven consumption.
[VERB] [JOURNALISM] If something inflames a situation or inflames people’s feelings, it makes people feel even more strongly about something.

Question 24

wither away

Answer 24

Keynes was well aware of the evils of capitalism but assumed that they would wither away once their work of wealth creation was done.
*to become less or weaker, especially before disappearing completely

Question 25

entrench [ɪntrentʃ]2

Answer 25

He did not foresee that they might become permanently entrenched, obscuring the very ideal they were initially intended to serve.
[VERB] If something such as power, a custom, or an idea is entrenched, it is firmly established, so that it would be difficult to change it.

Question 26

케인즈 혼자만이 이런 생각을 한 것은 아니었습니다. 악이라는 모티그 그 자체가 그럼에도 불구하고 유용할지도 모른다는

Answer 26

Keynes was not alone in thinking that motives bad in themselves might nonetheless be useful.
*be not alone in thinking that

Question 27

in return (for something)

hitherto [hɪðərtu:] 1 3

Answer 27

In the language of myth, Western civilization has made its peace with the Devil, in return for which it has been granted hitherto unimaginable resources of knowledge, power, and pleasure.
*as a response or reaction to something
[ADV] [FORMAL] You use hitherto to indicate that something was true up until the time you are talking about, although it may no longer be the case.그때까지

Question 28

immortalize [ɪmɔ:rtəlaɪz] 2

Answer 28

This is, of course, the grand theme of the Faust legend, immortalized by Goethe.
[VERB] [WRITTEN] If someone or something is immortalized in a story, film, or work of art, they appear in it, and will be remembered for it.

Question 29

breed [bri:d]

Answer 29

The irony, however, is that now that we have at last achieved abundance, the habits bred into us by capitalism have left us incapable of enjoying it properly.
[VERB] If you say that something breeds bad feeling or bad behaviour, you mean that it causes bad feeling or bad behaviour to develop.

Question 30

evade [ɪveɪd]2

cf) invade [ɪnveɪd] 2

Answer 30

Can we evade this fate?
[VERB] If you evade someone or something, you move so that you can avoid meeting them or avoid being touched or hit.
[VERB] To invade a country means to enter it by force with an army.

Question 31

retrieve

unto[ʌntu]1

Answer 31

Perhaps, but only if we can retrieve from centuries of neglect and distortion the idea of a good life, a life sufficient unto itself.
[VERB] If you manage to retrieve a situation, you succeed in bringing it back into a more acceptable state.
[PREP] [LITERARY or OLD-FASHIONED] Unto was used to indicate that something was done or given to someone.

Question 32

Occidental [ɒksɪdentəl] 1 3

Answer 32

Here we must draw on the rich storehouse of premodern wisdom, Occidental and Oriental.
[ADJ] [FORMAL] Occidental means relating to the countries of Europe and America.

Question 33

juggernaut [dʒʌgərnɔ:t]1

Answer 33

Opposition to the growth juggernaut has gathered pace in recent years.
[NOUN] [disapproval] If you describe an organization or group as a juggernaut, you are critical of them because they are large and extremely powerful, and you think they are not being controlled properly.

Question 34

성장 괴물에 대한 반대가 최근 사이에 가속화되고 있다.

Answer 34

Opposition to the growth juggernaut has gathered pace in recent years.
*gather pace: 가속화되다, 속도가 더해졌다.

Question 35

두 주장 다 사실일 것입니다.

Answer 35

Both claims may well be true.

*may well be

Question 36

그들이 빠르게 받아들인 초대

Answer 36

an invitation they have been quick to take up.

*take up the invitation초대를 받아들이다.

Question 37

cul-de-sac [kʌl dɪ sæk] 1 3

Answer 37

The whole argument then disappears down an academic cul-de-sac. *down the road
[NOUN] [mainly BRIT] A cul-de-sac is a short road which is closed off at one end. in AM, usually use dead end

Question 38

crop up

Answer 38

we find that several objections have cropped up regularly.

[VERB] to occur or appear, esp unexpectedly

Question 39

exigency [eksɪdʒənsi] 1

Answer 39

But we should not let the exigencies of the hour cloud our view of ultimate ends.
[NOUN] [FORMAL] The exigencies of a situation or a job are the demands or difficulties that you have to deal with as part of it.

Question 40

pen

Answer 40

Keynes’s own utopia was penned at the bottom of the Great Depression.
[VERB] [FORMAL] If someone pens a letter, article, or book, they write it.

Question 41

disembarrass |dɪsɪm|bærəs]1 3

Answer 41

“My purpose in this essay,” he wrote, “is not to examine the present … but to disembarrass myself of short views and take wings into the future.”

[VERB] [tr] to free from embarrassment, entanglement, etc