Improvements to Paper 2

Question 1

What do you add the bromine to when testing for alkenes?

Answer 1

Add to the molecules!

Question 2

Why is cracking useful

Answer 2

Products for fuels
short chain hydrocarbons more useful than long
products also used as starting material when making other compounds.

Question 3

Word equation to make ammonia (Haber Process)

Answer 3

N2 + 3H2 —> 2NH3

Question 4

What do NPK fertilisers contain?

Answer 4

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium

Question 5

Why do NPK fertilisers contain the elements they do?

Answer 5

As it improves agricultural productivity, by helping plants grow larger and more rapidly.

Question 6

Where are NPK fertilisers made? How?

Answer 6

Large industrial facilities using lots of raw materials processed together.

Question 7

Give the equation for the production of NPK fertilisers

Answer 7

NH3 + HNO3 —> NH4NO3 (ammonium nitrate)

Question 8

treating phosphate rock with nitric acid produces…

Answer 8

phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate

Question 9

Instead of directly adding phosphorus to the plant, what must you do?

Answer 9

Neutralise it with ammonia

Question 10

What is single superphosphate

Answer 10

A mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate which is used in NPK fertilisers

Question 11

What is triple superphosphate?

Answer 11

Phosphoric acid and phosphate rock

Question 12

What differences are there between the production in a lab vs industry

Answer 12

Lab uses dilute solutions so that they’re safe to work with. Whereas in industry ammonia is a gas and nitric acid is concentrated, and the reaction is strongly exothermic so heat is dangerous.

Question 13

How do you make NPK fertilisers in a lab?

Answer 13

Crystallisation and titration. Crystallisation isn’t used in industry because it’s very slow.

Question 14

How do you make NPK fertilisers in Industry

Answer 14

Carried out in giant vats at high concentrations.

Question 15

Suggest a source of potassium in an NPK fertiliser

Answer 15

Potassium sulphate or chloride.

Question 16

How are hydrogen and nitrogen produced for the haber process?

Answer 16

Nitrogen can be extracted from air

Hydrogen produced by reacting methane with steam.

Question 17

What is the problem with a cool temperature?

Answer 17

It makes the reaction slow

Question 18

What temperature is a compromise temperature?

Answer 18

450 c for a relatively fast rate of reaction and a high yield.

Question 19

What catalyst is used in the haber process?

Answer 19

An iron catalyst.

Question 20

What is the pressure used?

Answer 20

200 atmospheres.

Question 21

What is the problem with high pressures?

Answer 21

Very expensive and dangerous

Question 22

The catalyst has no effect at all on the…

Answer 22

no effect on the position of equilibrium

Question 23

What is cracking?

Answer 23

The process where a large alkane is broken down to produce smaller more useful (flammable) molecules.

Question 24

Describe conditions for catalytic cracking

Answer 24

Heat and a catalyst are used to speed up the reaction

Question 25

Describe conditions for steam cracking

Answer 25

We use heat and steam.

Question 26

Alkenes are …….. than alkanes

Answer 26

more reactive

Question 27

What does the life cycle assessment do?

Answer 27

Attempts to put a number on the environmental impact of a product.

Question 28

Name the 4 main stages of the life cycle assessment

Answer 28

impact of extracting the raw materials
manufacturing and packaging
using the product
product disposal

Question 29

What are some problems with life cycle assessments?

Answer 29

The effect of some pollutants is hard to give a numerical value to.
Can be bias as can be written to deliberately support companies.

Question 30

Describe life cycle of plastic bag

Answer 30

raw material;Crude Oil
manufacturing; cracking is used, so waste is reduced as other fractions have other uses
using; can be reused
disposal; not biodegradable and pollutes land.

Question 31

Describe life cycle of a paper bag

Answer 31

Raw material; timber
manufacturing; processed using lots of energy= lots of waste
using; only used once
disposal; degradable, non-toxic, and can be recycled

Question 32

Which 2 metals corrode much more than aluminium?

Answer 32

Iron and steel

Question 33

Rust is only used for the corrosion of…

Answer 33

Iron

Question 34

equation for the formation of hydrated iron oxide

Answer 34

iron + oxygen + water —> hydrated iron oxide

Question 35

What 2 things are needed for iron to rust?

Answer 35

Water and air

Question 36

What are 2 main ways to prevent rusting?

Answer 36

Barrier (e.g. painting, electroplating-electrolysis or oiling/greasing)
Sacrificial method which involves placing a more reactive metal such as zinc or magnesium to be reacted with instead

Question 37

What is a ceramic?

Answer 37

A non-metal solid with a high melting point (not carbon-based)

Question 38

Name 2 examples of ceramics

Answer 38

Glass and clay

Question 39

What are composites?

Answer 39

A material made of one material EMBEDDED in another.

Question 40

What two important things influence the properties of a polymer?

Answer 40

How and what it’s made from

Question 41

Give a difference in properties between thermosetting and thermosoftening polymers

Answer 41

Thermosetting polymers don’t soften when heated whereas thermosoftening polymers do

Question 42

What is potable water?

Answer 42

Water you can drink, it contains lots of other dissolved substances. (low levels)

Question 43

What two processes are used when producing potable water via desalination

Answer 43

Reverse osmosis

Distillation