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VET413 Infectious + Immunology > Immunology (Comp) > Flashcards

Immunology (Comp) Flashcards

1
Q

Changes from immature DC to mature DC?

A

Immature: highly phagocytic; low CCR7 expression; low B7 expression

Mature: less phagocytic; high CCR7 expression; high B7 expression

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2
Q

What guides DCs to the LN?

A

CCR7 chemokine

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3
Q

What is the function of B7.1 and B7.2 on DCs?

A

Co-stimulatory/gives signal 2 to T cell

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4
Q

Location of T cell maturation/pos neg selection?

A

Thymus

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5
Q

Location of T cell clonal expansion?

A

LNs and spleen

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6
Q

Timeframe to reach peak lymphocyte expansion?

A

7-10 days

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7
Q

What happens during signals 1-2 molecularly?

A

1: TCR binding MHC+peptide on DC
2: CD28 on T cell binds B7 molecules on DC

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8
Q

Signal 1 without signal 2 leads to _____

A

Tolerance

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9
Q

MHC/T cell for extracellular pathogens?

A

MHC II; CD4 T cell

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10
Q

MHC/T cell for intracellular pathogens?

A

MHC I; CD8 T cell

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11
Q

CTLA-4 function?

A

Negative regulator of T cells; stops clonal expansion (more division = more CTLA-4 expression)

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12
Q

How do superantigens cause a massive inflammatory response?

A

Bypass MHC restriction to bind both MHC/TCR outside of the peptide binding groove so can activate lots of T cells

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13
Q

Why is MHC polymorphism important on a pop health level?

A

One disease won’t be able to come and wipe out the entire population in one swoop

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14
Q

What 2 signals are needed to activate a naive B cell?

A
  1. BCR-antigen binding
  2. CD40/CD40L binding (Permission to activate from Tfh)
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15
Q

Do B cells always need T cell help to activate?

A

No–certain TLRs like LPS can activate them OR so many BCRs can be activated at once that it just activates

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16
Q

Chemokine that B cells use to find the B cell follicle?

A

CXCR5

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17
Q

Chemokine expressed by CD4 Tfh after DC contact?

A

CXCR5

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18
Q

What do follicular DCs do?

A

No digestion of antigen; keeps antigen on LN surface so B cells can see them

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19
Q

What is the chemokine to locate B cell follicles?

A

CXCR5

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20
Q

Where do plasma cells live?

A

Bone marrow, medullary chords (LNs), red pulp (spleen), or tissue

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21
Q

What happens in the dark zone of a germinal center?

A

Lots of proliferation; somatic hypermutation of the BCR

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22
Q

What happens in the light zone of a germinal center?

A

Antigen driven selection of B cell clones; class switching of BCR

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23
Q

Monoclonal vs polyclonal antibodies?

A

Monoclonal – exact same protein sequence from a single B cell clone
Polyclonal – antibodies from multiple B cell clones

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24
Q

Function of memory B cells?

A

Long-lived memory; if reactivated will go through same process as naive B cell, now it just has higher affinity already. Expresses but does NOT secrete antibody

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25
Q

____ and ____ are major isotypes of antibody in the blood.

A

IgM and IgG

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26
Q

___ is the antibody isotype on external mucosal surfaces.

A

IgA

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27
Q

____ (antibody isotype) can be delivered to the fetus across the placenta in some species.

A

IgG

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28
Q

______ (antibody isotype) is found on epithelial surfaces on mast cells in the skin, gut, and resp tract.

A

IgE

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29
Q

What is the function of IgA at mucosal surfaces?

A

Neutralize pathogens and toxins

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30
Q

Can antibodies activate NK cells?

A

Yes –> Fc receptors on NK cell recognize antibody bound to pathogen; when Fc receptors cross-link it tells the NK cell to kill the target cell via apoptosis

31
Q

Major determinants of how the immune system responds to something?

A

Size and location of pathogen

32
Q

Cytotoxic immune responses use ____ and _____ cells.

A

NK and CD8 T cells

33
Q

Goal of cytotoxic immune response?

A

Eliminate virally infected/metabolically stressed cells

34
Q

Type 1 immune response uses ___ and ___ cells for _______ immunity.

A

ILC1 and Th1 cells for intracellular immunity

35
Q

Goal of Type 1 immune module?

A

Eliminate intracellular (intra-macrophage) pathogens; activate macrophages

36
Q

Type 2 immune response uses ____ and ____ cells for ___________ immunity.

A

ILC2, Th2 cells, barrier and mucosal immunity

37
Q

Goal of type 2 immune response?

A

Elimination and expulsion of parasites; recruit eos, basos, and mast cells

38
Q

Type 3 immune responses use ____ and ____ cells for ____________ immunity.

A

ILC3; Th17; extracellular immunity

39
Q

Goal of type 3 immune response?

A

Eliminate extracellular bacteria and fungi, recruit and activate neuts

40
Q

You probably won’t survive if you _______ immune system doesn’t work properly.

A

Innate

41
Q

Function of IFN-y (gamma)?

A

Activate macrophages

42
Q

Th1 cell function?

A

Activates macrophages by secreting IFN-y; also secretes TNF-a (pro-inflammatory) and IL-2 (drives CD8 CTL differentiation)

43
Q

Why are CD4 cells necessary to activate CD8 cells?

A

CD4 Th1 cells make cytokines that induce additional DC co-stimulation (increased ability to activate CD8s)

44
Q

ILCs are part of the _______ (innate/adaptive) immune response so they live in the _______.

A

Innate; tissue

45
Q

Function of group 1 ILCs?

A

Make IFN-y (Th1-like cytokines)

46
Q

What IL’s do Th17 cells secrete and why?

A

IL-17: chemokines to recruit neuts
IL-22: induces secretion of antimicrobial peptides at barrier surfaces

47
Q

How do neutrophils “see” things?

A

Complement gradient in serum

48
Q

Can a neutrophil phagocytose a capsulated bacteria?

A

Not without antibody–capsule polysaccharides inhibit complement fixation so capsulated bacteria are invisible to neuts

49
Q

Function of group 3 ILCs?

A

Secrete Th17-like cytokines (IL-17 and 22)

50
Q

Without T cell help, what kind of antibody response will there be?

A

Low affinity antibodies; usually just IgM

51
Q

How do Tfh’s help B cells recognize non-peptide antigens?

A

The non-protein part of the pathogen must be physically connected to a peptide so it can be recognized by T cells

52
Q

Type __ hypersensitivity mediates helminth immunity.

A

1

53
Q

Function of group 2 ILCs?

A

Produce Th2-like cytokines; encourage Th2 development

54
Q

Functions of M1 vs M2 macrophages?

A

M1: pro-inflammatory
M2: tissue damage/wound healing

55
Q

IL-13 function?

A

Increased smooth muscle contractility (parasite expulsion)

56
Q

IL-5 function?

A

Recruit and activate eos

57
Q

IL-4 function?

A

Guides Th2 differentiation, recruit and activate M2 macrophages; inhibits secretion of macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokines

58
Q

Which immune cell makes the most IL-4?

A

Basophils

59
Q

Der p 1 function?

A

Cleaves occludin to enter mucosa through tight junctions

60
Q

How do antibodies and mast cells work to recognize parasites?

A

Parasite-specific IgE binds to high affinity FcR (IgE receptors on mast cells); when the IgE binds the parasite it causes cross-linking that initiates mast cell degranulation

61
Q

What is ADCC?

A

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity – innate immune cells using antibody to recognize and kill specific pathogens

62
Q

What is a self cure reaction?

A

An effective immune response to a large pathogen that can be identified visually

63
Q

Atopic patients make a stronger ______ response.

A

Th2

64
Q

Function of Tregs?

A

Promoting tolerance to prevent other T cell responses

65
Q

Function of TGF-b and IL-10?

A

Suppress Th1 and Th2 responses

66
Q

How do helminths interact with Tregs?

A

Helminths can directly induce Treg formation OR affect Treg products to reduce immunity.

67
Q

Plasmacytoid DCs produce what?

A

Type 1 IFNs

68
Q

Type 1 IFN function?

A

Stimulates cells to produce multiple interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that target the viral life cycle & cellular protein synthesis

69
Q

What do viruses do to MHC I?

A

Downregulate it

70
Q

What does an NK cell do when it does and doesn’t see MHC I?

A

If it sees MHC I – it binds the inhibitory receptor on the NK cell and the NK cell isn’t activated. If the NK cell doesn’t see MHC I, it is not inhibited and it kills the cell

71
Q

Define antigenic drift

A

Mutations in a viral genome; no co-infection

72
Q

Define antigenic shift

A

RNA segments are exchanged between 2 viral strains

73
Q

Describe the original antigenic sin.

A

A young person fights of a viral pathogen with proteins X and Y; when they are infected with a different strain of the same virus later and the mutated virus has proteins X, A, and B, the body will still produce the strongest response to protein X

74
Q

What are the functions of perforin and granzymes in CTLs?

A

Perforin: pokes holes in cell membrane
Granzymes: disrupt cell machinery

VET413 Infectious + Immunology (26 decks)

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