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VET413 Infectious + Immunology > 2 Bacteriology 1 > Flashcards

2 Bacteriology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of prokaryotic pathogens?

A

Bacteria, mycoplasma (bacteria w/o cell wall), rickettsia (bacteria that must live inside host cell)

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2
Q

What are the eukaryotic microbial pathogens?

A

Fungi

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3
Q

Define bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria

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4
Q

What is a plasmid, and what types of plasmids are there?

A

Extra-chromosomal bacterial DNA.
R-plasmids: antimicrobial resistance plasmids
Virulence plasmids: virulence factors

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5
Q

What is an R plasmid?

A

An antimicrobial resistance plasmid

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6
Q

Gram ____ bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and will stain ____.

A

Positive; purple

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7
Q

Gram ______ bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and will stain ____.

A

Negative; pink

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8
Q

What type of bacteria typically have an outer membrane?

A

Gram -

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9
Q

Bacteria that require reduced oxygen are called _______

A

Microaerophilic aerobes

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10
Q

What is MacConkey agar selected for?

A

Gram - enterobacterales (rods) and some non-enterobacterales (bile salts inhibit a lot of other bacteria)

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11
Q

What are siderophores?

A

A ‘virulence-lifestyle’ protein that helps microorganisms bind iron from the environment to persist in the host.

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12
Q

What are the major types of bacterial toxins?

A

Endotoxins and exotoxins

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13
Q

What type of toxin is LPS, and what are its components?

A

Endotoxin; lipid a – biological action, core polysaccharide – structural link, carbohydrate O side chain – length determines virulence

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14
Q

What kind of bacteria produces endotoxins and why can other types of bacteria not produce endotoxins?

A

Gram - bacteria, because it ONLY produced in the outer membrane

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15
Q

What is the effect of LPS/endotoxins on the hosts’ tissues?

A

Inflammation

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16
Q

What is the effect of bacterial exotoxins on the host cells?

A

Host cell damage or disruption of function

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17
Q

What is a toxoid?

A

An inactivated exotoxin used in a vaccine.

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18
Q

What are the three types of bacterial exotoxins?

A

A-B toxins (simple and compound), superantigens, and disorganizers of host cell membranes

19
Q

What is the function of the “B” component of an A-B toxin?

A

B is for Binding! Binds to the host cell receptor and determines toxin specificity.

20
Q

What is the function of the “A” component of an A-B toxin?

A

A is for Activity! Responsible for the enzymatic action and toxicity after translocation into the host cell

21
Q

What is the difference between a simple and complex A-B toxin?

A

A complex toxin has multiple B subunits.

22
Q

What are the two MOA’s of membrane disrupting exotoxins?

A
  1. Channel into the host cell membrane and swell to cause cell/vacuole rupture
  2. Enzyme that compromises phospholipid membrane integrity
23
Q

What is the MOA of superantigens?

A

Bridges MHC-II of macrophages and T cells outside of the antigen groove, causing MASSIVE T-cell stimulation.

24
Q

Why is the host response to superantigens dangerous?

A

MASSIVE release of cytokines, esp. IL-2 leading to fever, vomiting, shock

25
Q

T or F: only G+ bacteria have capsules.

A

Gram- AND Gram+ bacteria can have capsules

26
Q

What is the function of a bacterial capsule?

A

Inhibits complement fixation and phagocytosis

27
Q

In general, what kind of bacteria make spores?

A

Gram +

28
Q

What is the advantage of a bacteria forming spores?

A

They are metabolically inactive and extremely environmentally resistant so they can survive adverse conditions.

29
Q

What are the four ways that bacteria can acquire new genetic material?

A

Conjugation
Transduction
Transposition
Transformation

30
Q

Describe conjugation.

A

Transfer of plasmids via sexual pilli.

31
Q

Describe transduction.

A

Genetic material is transferred via bacteriophages.

32
Q

Describe transposition.

A

Uptake of naked DNA.

33
Q

Describe transformation.

A

Transfer of mobile DNA.

34
Q

List each step of performing a Gram stain and include the purpose of each step.

A
  1. Crystal violet - stains peptidoglycan
  2. Iodine - fixes crystal violet to cells
  3. Alcohol - decolorizes (removes crystal violet stain from gram negative bacteria and most of the stain from gram positive bacteria)
  4. Safranin - counterstains the gram negative bacteria pink
35
Q

What are the differences between Gram staining and Diff-Kwik?

A

Gram staining is better for bacteria, whereas Diff-Kwik is better for WBCs/RBCs and cellular components. Gram stains appear purple and pink, whereas Diff Kwik is blue and pink.

36
Q

What are the four morphologies of bacteria microscopically?

A

Rods, cocci, coccobacilli (short rods), and filamentous (long rods)

37
Q

What color is yeast on Gram stains?

A

Variable shades of both pink and purple

38
Q

What type of agar is used to test hemolysis?

A

Blood agar

39
Q

What are the types and appearances of the results of a hemolysis test on blood agar?

A

Complete hemolysis - yellowing of agar
Partial hemolysis - greening of agar
Non-hemolysis - no change in agar

40
Q

Define alpha, beta, and gamma hemolysis.

A

Beta hemolysis - complete hemolysis by Streptococcus
Alpha hemolysis - partial hemolysis by Streptococcus
Gamma hemolysis - non-hemolysis by Streptococcus

41
Q

What reagents are used to stain spore-forming bacteria, and what is the function of each reagent?

A

Malachite green - stains spores dark green
Carbol fuschin - counterstains vegetative bacteria pink

42
Q

What layers make up the bacterial envelope in G- and G+ bacteria?

A

BOTH - cell membrane, peptidoglycan layer
G- only - outer membrane (contains LPS)

43
Q

What are exotoxins made of?

A

Protein

VET413 Infectious + Immunology (26 decks)

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