Immunology Flashcards
The immune system protects the body from (2)
Infectious agents
other harmful substances such as toxins
Four tasks critical for providing immunity
immunological recognition
immunological effector functions
immunological regulation
immunological memory
the immune system gets activated when it recognises
antigens
define antigen
substance that can be recognised and respnded to by the adaptive immune response
Antibodies are also known as
immunoglobulins
Basic structure of antibodies
2 heavy chains
2 light chains
variable region
constant region
5 types of antibody
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, igD
IgG is the most ….. antibody
abundant
igM is
first antibody to appear in circulation following exposure to antigen. (5x) structure PENTAMER
IgA is
is a dimer and appears in bodily secretions eg. tears
IgE is envolved in ….. and releases ….
allergic reactions
histamine
igD is found on …. cell surface
B
Th cells provide activation signals in form of secretions (3)
cytokines
lymphokine
interleukins
megakaryocytes
produce platelets
granulocytes composed of three cells types
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
natural killer cells kill certain ….. cells such as….
melanomas
lymphomas
2 major subsets of T lymphocytes
T helper
T cytotoxic
T helper cells secrete …… to …..
regulatory proteins
help activate other white blood cells to fight infection.
T yctotoxic cells directly kill (3)
certain tumour cells
viral-infected cells
parasites
T regulatory cells inhibit ….. and are important in limiting …
immune response
over stimulation to pathogens
B lymphocytes produce
antibodies
In spleen, …. cells are activated and large amounts of … are prouces
B
antibodies
the spleen is an ….
immunologic filter of the blood
what 2 things bring antigens to spleen via bloodstrem
migratory macrophage
dendritic cells
where are lymphocytes made
bone marrow
where do t lymphocytes mature
thymus
where are invaders detected and immune response starts
lymph nodes
2 types of immune response
innate response
adaptive response
innate immunity functions with/without prior exposure
without
2 hallmarks of innate response
non-specific
immediate response
innate immunity inoolves which 3 things
monocytes
macrophages
neutrophils
inflammatory response mobilises ….. to ….. invaders
leukocytes
phagocytose
what destroys swallowed invaders
Gastric acid
Complement system composed of 2 major pathways
classical pathway
alternative pathway
Both complement pathways lead to (3)
inflammatory response
coating
membrane attacking complex
acquired immunity consists of 2 responses to foreign antigen
humoral response (secretion of antibodies) cell-mediated respnse (attacking and killing by t cells)
plasma cells release large amounts of …
antibodies (up to 2000)
both B and T cells can become
memory cells
What is the major histocompatibility complex
set of cell surface molecules or receptors
T cells will onyl recognise antigen if it is presented by
MHC
MHC1 is found on all ….. cells
nucleated
MHC II is only found on
antigen presenting cells
B cells: originate from
mature in
immunity
bone marrow
bone marrow
humoral
T Cells: originate from
mature in
immunity
bone marrow
thymus
cell-mediated
