Cell Death

Question 1

How do cells die? (3)

Answer 1

Necrosis
Apoptosis
Autophagy

Question 2

When is apoptosis important?

Answer 2

Embryological development
Normal tissue homeostasis
Neoplastic disease

Question 3

Apoptosis is used to remove

Answer 3

Unwanted cells in developing tissues

Question 4

Extrinsic cell death pathways

Answer 4

Signals from external environment causes cells to apoptose

Question 5

Intrinsic cell death pathways

Answer 5

Intracellular responses to cell damage causes cells to apoptose

Question 6

Extrinsic pathway (3 parts)

Answer 6

external ligands bind to ‘death receptors’
receptors transduce death signal
activation of caspases

Question 7

Intrinsic pathways (4 parts)

Answer 7

cell injury, radiation, toxins, free radicals
absence of growth factors
cytochrome c released by mitochondria
activation of caspases

Question 8

key features of apoptosis, 7

Answer 8

activation of caspases
cells shrink
lose contact with other cells
chromatin condensation
membrane blebbing
DNA fragmentation
packaging of organelles

Question 9

Apoptotic bodies contain:

Answer 9

intact mitochondria
lysozomes
ribosomes

Question 10

Apoptotic bodies are phagocytosed by

Answer 10

neighbouring cells or macrophages

Question 11

In apoptosis, cell contents not allowed to leak into extracellular space, therefore there is no

Answer 11

Inflammatory response

Question 12

In cell viability test, trypan blue and propidium iodide will only enter

Answer 12

Non-viable, therefore permeable cell

Question 13

Trypian blue stains cell ….. and the PI stains the nucleus ….

Answer 13

Blue

Red

Question 14

TUNEL assay is method for detecting ….. by …..

Answer 14

DNA fragmentation

Labelling terminal end of nuclei acid

Question 15

TUNEL assay relies on nicks in DNA which can be identified by an

Answer 15

enzyme

Question 16

Apoptest uses flourescent marker attached to

Answer 16

annexin V

Question 17

In apoptest, flourescent marker will attach to a specific … whch flips to outside during…

Answer 17

Phospholipid

Apoptosis

Question 18

Autophagy is a form of …. and literally means…..

Answer 18

cell death

eating yourself

Question 19

Autophagy allows …… of cell components and a source of …. in a starving cell

Answer 19

recycling

energy

Question 20

Autohpagy steps (4)

Answer 20

cellular componenets for autophagosome
lysozome fuses with autophagosome
lysozyme degrades cell components
raw materials released and made available for energy metabolism

Question 21

phagocyte involved in apoptosis or autophagy?

Answer 21

Apoptosis

Question 22

DNA laddering involved in apoptosis or autophagy?

Answer 22

Apoptosis

Question 23

organelles preserved in vacuoles in apoptosis or autophagy?

Answer 23

Apoptosis

Question 24

cytoskeleton preserved in apoptosis or autphagy?

Answer 24

autophagy

Question 25

caspase dependant, apoptosis or autophagy?

Answer 25

apoptosis

Question 26

Necrosis is cell death resulting from

Answer 26

lethal injury

Question 27

Necrosis, planned or not?

Answer 27

Not

Question 28

3 main types of necrosis

Answer 28

coagulative caseous liquefactive

Question 29

in necrosis, release of cell contents leads to (2)

Answer 29

denatured proteins | enzyme release

Question 30

3 mechanical changes in cellular necrosis

Answer 30

karyorrhexis- nucleus fragmentation karyolysis- compete dissolution of nucleus pyknosis- cell shrinkage

Question 31

in coagulative necrosis, tissue appears

Answer 31

firm and pale as if cooked

Question 32

tissue affected by coagulative necrosis digested and cleared by

Answer 32

polymorphs and phagocytes

Question 33

In liquefactive necrosis, cells appear...as a result of...

Answer 33

semi liquid | hydrolytic enzymes

Question 34

caseous necrosis typically caused by (3)

Answer 34

Mycobacteria funghi foreign substances

Question 35

In caseous necrosis, necrotic area appears

Answer 35

not quite liquid, but outline of tissue doesnt remain

Question 36

caseous necrotic tissue resembles soft crumbly cheese and is

Answer 36

soft and white

Question 37

haemotoxykin and eosin makes caseous necrotic tissue appear

Answer 37

homogenously pink

Question 38

haemotoxykin and eosin makes caseous necrotic tissue appear

Answer 38

homogenously pink

Question 39

Gangrene is used to describe tissue which is

Answer 39

black and dead

Question 40

Gangrene is seen mostly in lower .... in patients which severe ....

Answer 40

limbs | aterosclerosis

Question 41

Dry gangrene occurs mostly with which sort of necrosis

Answer 41

coagulative

Question 42

Wet gangrene occurs when

Answer 42

tissue is infected with gram -ve bacteria, liquefactive necrosis

Question 43

Fibrinoid necrosis occurs in..... | what is deposited in damaged necrotic cells?

Answer 43

arteries | fibrin

Question 44

Autolytic change: where is it seen? hear stops pumping and cells become irreversibly what? Enzymes leak from cells and...

Answer 44

post mortem tissue ischaemic digest adjacent structures

Question 45

necrotic tissue may become calcified, when cell undergoes necrosis, large amounts of .... enter the cell, and combines with ..... to produce

Answer 45

calcium phosphates crystals

Question 46

what is dystrophic calcification

Answer 46

extracellular calcification, formed in vesicles

Question 47

angiogenesis is

Answer 47

the formation of new blood vesseld toprovide blood for a structure.