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Foundations > immunology > Flashcards

immunology Flashcards

1
Q

variolation

A

exposure of an individual too the contents of dried smallpox pustules from an infected patient

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2
Q

how can new infectious disease emerge ?

A

global village
population growth
changes in human behaviour
changes in dynamics of other infections
loss of natural habitat
interactions of pathogens with humans

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3
Q

what are barriers to infection

A

skin - physical barrier, physiological factor, sebaceous glands

mucous

commensal bacteria

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4
Q

what gives optimal effectiveness ?

A

a balanced immune system

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5
Q

what are the two different immune systems ?

A

innate immune system
adaptive immune system

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6
Q

immune over reactions

A

reaction to ‘self’ - autoimmunity
reaction to inn

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7
Q

immune under reactions

A
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8
Q

how can we prevent or treat human health

A

we can manipulate the immune system by:

immunisation
anti-inflammatory and immunosupprisive drugs
cancer immunotherapy

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9
Q

what does the innate immune system responsible for?

A

rapid responce (0-4 hours)
general response
responsible for acute inflammation and killing of pathogen

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10
Q

what is the adaptive immune system responsible for ?

A

slow response (4-96 hours)
unique response

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11
Q

what cells do innate immune systems involve ?

A

mast cells
NK cells
phagocytes
complement
PAMPs:PRRs

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12
Q

what cells does the immune system contain ?

A

phagocytes
lymphocytes
eosinophils, mast cells and basophils

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13
Q

what are examples of phagocytes ?

A

neutrophils
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells

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14
Q

what do phagocytes do ?

A

ingest and kill bacteria

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15
Q

whats an important source of cytokines ?

A

phagocytes

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16
Q

what are examples of lymphocytes ?

A

T cell
B cells
NK cells

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17
Q

What are examples of eosinophils, mast cells and basophils ?

A

Granular cells

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18
Q

what do eosinophils, mast cells and basophils do ?

A

release chemicals for acute inflammation

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19
Q

what are examples of soluble (humoral factors) ?

A

antibodies
complement proteins

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20
Q

what are immunoglobulins ?

A

antibodies

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21
Q

when are antibodies produced ?

A

in response to an antigen

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22
Q

what role do complement proteins have ?

A

critical role in inflammation and defence

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23
Q

where do mast cells reside ?

A

in tissue

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24
Q

what do mast cells protect ?

A

mucosal surfaces

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25
Q

what do mast cells degranulate and release ?

A

histamine and tryptase

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26
Q

what are mast cells involved in ?
give examples

A

gene expression - TNF, chemokines, leukotrienes

27
Q

where can you find basophils and eosinophils ?

A

circulate in blood

28
Q

what do basophils and eosinophils do ?

A

recruited to sites of infection

29
Q

where can you find neutrophils ?

A

they circulate freely in blood

30
Q

When are neutrophils needed ?

A

rapidly recruited to inflamed and infected tissues

31
Q

what are neutrophils ?

A

short-lived professional killer cells

32
Q

how do neutrophils involve ?

A

PAMP recognition and activation

33
Q

how do neutrophils attack pathogens ?

A

phagocytosis

release of antimicrobial peptides and degradative proteases

generate extracellular traps

34
Q

what do neutrophils produce ?

A

activate neutrophils and produce TNF

35
Q

what is PUS

A

dead and dying neutrophils + tissue cells + microbial debris = PUS

36
Q

what are monocytes ?

A

precursors of macrophages

37
Q

what is the main purpose of monocytes and macrophages ?

A

limit inflammation
involved in tissue repair and wound healing

38
Q

where are macrophages located ?

A

reside in tissues

39
Q

what do macrophages do ?

A

ingest and kill extracellular pathogens
kill debris from dead tissue cells
inflammation
tissue repair and wound healing
antigen presentation

40
Q

what are dendritic cells ?

A

immature cells in peripheral tissue

41
Q

what do dendritic cells do ?

A

stimulate adaptive immune responses (antigen presentation ?

42
Q

when do mature dendritic cells occur and what happens ?

A

when in contact with pathogen, mature dendritic cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues

43
Q

what are natural killer cells (NK) ?

A

large granular lymphocytes

44
Q

what do natural killer cells (NK) do ?

A

specifically kill tumour and virally infected cells
can also kill antibody-bound cells

45
Q

what are T cells and B cells ?

A

mature cells that constantly circulate through blood, lymph and secondary lymphoid tissues

46
Q

what do B cells do ?

A

produce antibodies

47
Q

What do T cells do ?

A

defence against pathogens

48
Q

What are helper T cells ?

A

regulators of immune system

49
Q

what do helper T cells do ?

A

activate other immune cells

50
Q

what are the different types of T cells ?

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells

51
Q

How do T cells work ?
steps example

A

CD8 + produce cytokines
regulates other white blood cells
activates CD8 and B cells
peptides on HLA class II molecules

52
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do ?

A

kill virally infected body cells

53
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells fight ?
steps example

A

CD8 (which are cytotoxic) recognise peptides in association with HLA class I
trigger apoptosis
secrete cytokines and pore-forming molecules like perforin

54
Q

what is the fate of B cells and T cells ?

A

effector cells or memory cells

55
Q

where is the site of leukocyte development ?

A

primary lymphoid tissue

56
Q

what is the secondary lymphoid tissue ?

A

sites where adaptive immune responses initiated

57
Q

What are the mechanisms of communication in the immune system ?

A

direct contact - ligand interactions
indirect - production and secretion of cytokines

58
Q

why are cytokines produced ?

A

in response to infection, inflammation and tissue damage

59
Q

how do cytokines work ?

A

co-ordinate the immune system by modulating cell behaviour

60
Q

what are examples (and their functions) of cytokines ?

A

interferons - anti-vira functions

TNF (tumour necrosis factor) - pro-inflammatory

chemokines - control and direct cell migration

interleukins - various function,IL2 (T cell proliferation)
IL10 (anti-inflammatory)

61
Q

what are local effects of acute inflammation ?

A

redness, heat
swelling
pain
loss of function

62
Q

what are systemic effects of acute inflammation ?

A

fever

63
Q

what are the phases of innate immune response ?

A

recognition phase
activation phase
effector phase

64
Q

what receptors are involved in recognition phase ?

A

PRRs
PAMPs

Foundations (20 decks)

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