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Foundations > histology > Flashcards

histology Flashcards

1
Q

what does the plasmalemma do ?

A

separates the cytosol from the outer environments

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2
Q

describe the plasmalemma

A

bimolecular layer of amphiphatic molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic fatty acid chains.

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3
Q

for the plasmalemma what is on the outer and inner surfaces ?

A

hydrophilic head

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4
Q

what does amphiphatic mean ?

A

contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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5
Q

what does the plasmalemma contain (6) ?

A

integral proteins
transporter proteins
channel proteins
receptors
enzymes
cell attachment proteins

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6
Q

what permeability is the plasmalemma?

A

selectively permeable

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7
Q

what does the plamalemma allow through (3) ?

A

water
oxygen
small hydrophobic molecules

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8
Q

what are organelles ?

A

small intracellular ‘organs’ with specific function and structural organisation

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9
Q

what are examples of organelles (6) ?

A

mitochondria
RER
SER
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
nucleus

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10
Q

what does the cytoskeleton provide ?

A

structural integrity to the cell

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11
Q

what is the cytoskeleton composed of (3) ?

A

actin protein
intermediate filaments
microtubules

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12
Q

how many main intermediate filaments are there ?

A

6 main proteins

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13
Q

what are microtubules composed of ?

A

2 microtubule proteins

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14
Q

why are microfilaments very dynamic ?

A

actin molecules can assemble into filaments and then disassociate

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15
Q

why can intermediate filaments be used in pathology to identify tumour origins ?

A

as different cells express different intermediate proteins

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16
Q

describe microtubules including the 2 things it is composed of

A

hallow tube
composed of two altering alpha and beta subunits of tubulin

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17
Q

where do microtubules originate from ?

A

centromere

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18
Q

what is MAP ?

A

microtubule associated protein
a stabilising protein

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19
Q

what drags organelles and vesicles along microtubules and what way ?

A

kinesin - towards periphery
dynein - towards the centre (dot)

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20
Q

what is continuous with the cistern of the ER ?

A

the perinucleur cistern

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21
Q

what is meant by euchromatin ?

A

DNA that is more dispersed and is actively undergoing transcription

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22
Q

what is meant by heterochromatin ?

A

DNA that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription

23
Q

what plays a vital role in protein synthesis ?

A

RER

24
Q

will the RER have more ribosomes if a cell is more metabolically active ?

A

yes

25
Q

how does the RER appear different from the SER?

A

RER is studded with ribosomes

26
Q

what is the role of the SER ?

A

continues the process of proteins produced in RER
vital role in synthesising proteins

27
Q

give an example of a cell that has lots of SER

A

steroid hormone synthasing cell

28
Q

how does the Golgi apparatus appear ?

A

series of flattened, membrane bound cisternae

29
Q

what is the role of the Golgi cisternae apparatus ?

A

function in the modification and packaging of macromolecules

30
Q

how does Golgi cisternae fulfil its role ?

A

adds sugars, cleaves proteins and sorts macromolecules into vesicles

31
Q

what increases surface area in the mitochondria and what is it formed by ?

A

cristae - formed be inner membrane

32
Q

where does mitochondrial DNA come from ?

A

yo mama

33
Q

what prevents diffusion ?

A

occluding junctions

34
Q

how do cells connect with each other ?

A

intercellular junctions

35
Q

what provides mechanical stability in skin ?

A

desmosomes

36
Q

what junction is important in cardiac muscle and why ?

A

communicating junction - important for spread of electrical excitation

37
Q

what allows selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cell ?

A

communicating junction

38
Q

what are the types of epithelium (7) ?

A

simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
pseudostrtified columnar
transitional

39
Q

what are the types of connective tissue (give examples ) ?

A

soft - tendons, ligaments, dermis of skin
hard - cartilage and bone

40
Q

what is included in extracellular matrix ?

A

fibres
tissue fluis
adipose cell
osteocytes
chondrocytes

41
Q

what are fibroblasts ?

A

active cells that produce and maintain cellular matrix.

42
Q

what can soft tissue be divided into ?

A

loose
dense regular
dense irregular

43
Q

what are spindle shaped cells with cigar shaped nucleus ?

A

smooth muscle

44
Q

what muscle is voluntary and responsible for conscious control ?

A

smooth muscle

45
Q

what muscle has more striations ?

A

skeletal muscle

46
Q

what does nervous tissue consist of and what is the ratio between them ?

A

neurones and glia (their supporting cells)
1:10 glia outnumber neurons

47
Q

what do astrocytes do ?

A

support ion transport
induce blood brain barrier

48
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do ?

A

produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord

49
Q

what do microglia do ?

A

provide immune survellence

50
Q

what do Schwann cells do ?

A

produce myelin and support axons in the PNS

51
Q

what are the three layer of blood vessels ?

A

tunia intima (inner layer)
tunica media (middle layer)
tunica adventitia (outer layer)

52
Q

what is the tunica intima consist ?

A

simple squamous epithelium
supported by basal lamina and thin layer of connective tissue

53
Q

what is the tunica media made of ?

A

mostly smooth muscle

Foundations (20 decks)

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