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Lab techniques 2 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Serology or Immunology

A

The detection and measurement of antigens or antibodies

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2
Q

Antigen is defined as…

A

Any substance that is capable of generating a response from the immune system

AKA: Foreign protein

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3
Q

More specifically, an Antigen can be…

A

Specific sites on a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, stinger, insect saliva, incompatible red blood cell, allergens

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4
Q

What do immunology tests primarily measure?

A

Antibodies and Antigens

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5
Q

What are antigen and antibody complexes?

A

Invisible. We can’t see them under a microscope

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6
Q

What do many tests use to create a visible color change?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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7
Q

What does monoclonal mean?

A

A very specific type

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8
Q

What are these specific monoclonal antibody tests test for?

A

A specific foreign protein or antigen coming from an outside source or the host’s immune response to that foreign protein
Finds the exact disease we are looking for

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9
Q

What is flea dermatitis?

A

An antigenic reaction to the flea saliva

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10
Q

What are the two defense systems?

A

Innate/nonspecific immunity

Adaptive/specific/acquired immunity

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11
Q

What does Innate/nonspecific Immunity include?

A 
Physical (skin)
Chemical (nose, GI)
Commensal (good) bacteria
Inflammation
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
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12
Q

What is always there to protect you?

A

The Innate/nonspecific Immunity

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13
Q

What is the Adaptive/specific/acquired immunity branched into?

A

The Humoral and cell mediated

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14
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes and secreted into the body’s fluid or “humors”

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15
Q

What does the humoral immunity utilize?

A

B lymphocytes

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16
Q

What do the B lymphocytes do?

A

Convert to plasma cells, which creates the antibodies

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17
Q

What does the cell mediated branch utilize?

A

Helper T cells and Cytolytic T cells

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18
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers of the innate immune system?

A

Skin
Physical & biochemical components of the nasophaynx, gut, lungs, or GI tract
Population of commensal bacteria that compete with the invading pathogens

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19
Q

What is the inflammatory response of the innate immune system?

A

Chemicals released from infected site allow neutrophils to pass into tissue to phagocytize bacteria & kill pathogens

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20
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A 
Pain
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Loss of function
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21
Q

Chemicals released from the infected site allow ______ to pass into tissues to _____ bacteria and kill _______

A

Neutrophils
Phagocytize
Pathogens

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22
Q

What are the cells of inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

Monocytes

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23
Q

What do the monocytes do?

A

Follow the neutrophils

Ingest and destroy antigens

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24
Q

What are monocytes called when they migrate into tissues?

A

Macrophages

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25
Q

Where are macrophages derived from?

A

Tissues

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26
Q

Where are macrophages located?

A

Liver, brain, connective tissue spleen, lung, bone marrow & lymph nodes

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27
Q

What do macrophages make up?

A

the mononuclear phagocytic system

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28
Q

What is the process called when a cell leaves the blood and enters the tissue?

A

Diapedesis

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29
Q

What are the non-phagocytic cells?

A

Natural killer cells
Interferons
Complement System

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30
Q

What are Natural Killer Cells

A

Type of lymphocyte

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31
Q

What is the job of Natural Killer Cells

A

To recognize & destroy host cells infected with microbes viruses, cancer cells
Activate phagocytes by releasing interferon-y

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32
Q

Interferons

A

Cytokines (chemicals) that elicit cellular reactions

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33
Q

What do Interferons prevent?

A

Viral replication

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34
Q

What is a large group of proteins in the blood?

A

Complement system

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35
Q

What is the Complement Cascade?

A

Three pathways that catalyze a series of reactions that have numerous effects and end with Opsonization

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36
Q

Opsonization

A

The binding of complement to the antigen

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37
Q

What does Opsonization allow for?

A

The antigen and antibody complex to form

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38
Q

What happens if an antigen gets past the innate immune system?

A

The adaptive immune system is triggered to take over

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39
Q

Why is the specific immune system named so?

A

Because it creates memory cells

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40
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

Remember a specific antigen so it is able to fight it again

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41
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

Responds specifically to foreign substances

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42
Q

What are examples of Extra cellular antigen or microbe?

A

Foreign red blood cells

Things that are on the surface of the cell itself

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43
Q

Examples of intracellular anitgens or microbes?

A

Viruses or something that has already been phagocytized

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44
Q

What do extracellular or surface microbs/antigens activate?

A

The Humoral or antibody-mediated immune system or B cells

B cells turn to plasma cells which create antibodies

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45
Q

What do the antibodies do?

A

They either kill the cell or show it to another cell or block it

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46
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Specific proteins made by the B lymphocytes or plasma cells. They are not cells

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47
Q

What do intracellular antigens/microbes activate?

A

Cell-mediated immunity or T-cells

48
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

Recognize a phagocytized antigen brought to it by an antigen presenting cell (APC)
Help initiate the phagocytic cells

49
Q

What are considered super Natural Killer Cells?

A

Cytolytic T-Lymphocytes

50
Q

What do Cytolytic T- Cells do?

A

Kill an infected cell right there

Only activated with persistent antigens

51
Q

What are more of a continuation from the Innate immune system?

A

Lymphocytes

52
Q

What presents the antigen to the lymphocyte?

A

Macrophages

53
Q

What develop in yolk sacs & then fetal liver & then move to bone marrow near birth?

A

Stem cells

54
Q

What are lymphocytes destined to mature into?

A

Either B-lymphocytes or T-lymphocytes

55
Q

Where are B-lymphocytes mature?

A

Bone Marrow

Humoral

56
Q

What do B-lymphocytes do?

A

Produce immunoglobins

57
Q

Where are T-lymphocytes mature?

A

The thymus

Cell-mediated

58
Q

What is the maturation process of Lymphocytes?

A

Lymphoblast, prolymphocyte, and Lymphocyte

59
Q

Where do mature lymphocytes leave

A

The bone marrow

60
Q

Where do mature lymphocytes enter and what do they encounter there?

A

Spleen or lymph nodes

Antigens

61
Q

What does each B cell develop?

A

A specific receptor molecule to a specific antigen

62
Q

What happens each time the antigen enters the body?

A

The B cell reacts to it

63
Q

What shape are Antibodies (immunoglobulins)?

A

Y-shaped

64
Q

What are the different regions of the anitbodies (immunoglobulins)

A

2 variable regions and 1 constant region

65
Q

What does the variable region do?

A

Binds to the antigen

66
Q

What does the constant region do?

A

Recognized the unique function of different antibody classes

67
Q

IgM Antibodies

A

Large

Produced first when the body sees a new foreign protein

68
Q

What is the job of IgM antibodies?

A

To activate compliment

69
Q

IgG Antibodies

A

The most abundant

Smaller than IgM

70
Q

What is the job of IgG antibodies?

A

To neutralize microbes and toxins
Mark antigens for phagocytosis
Activate compliment
Maternal antibodies via the colostrum

71
Q

IgE Antibodies

A 
Will be present for:
Allergies
Anaphylaxis
Eosinophils
Parasites
72
Q

IgA Antibodies

A

Found in mucosal antibodies

Eyes, Nose, Mouth

73
Q

IgD Antibodies

A

Helps with B lymphocyte surface antigen receptor

Not present in all species

74
Q

Epitope

A

Shape of the puzzle piece or unique shape on the antigen

75
Q

What is the part of the antigen the antibody needs to be specific for?

A

Epitope

76
Q

What are the different kinds of antibodies?

A

Neutralization antibodies
Coating antibodies
Lysis antibodies
Precipitation antibodies

77
Q

Neutralization antibodies

A

Binds directly with an antigen

78
Q

What happens to the antigen once it is bound to Neutralization antibodies?

A

It cannot infect cells

79
Q

What do coating antibodies do?

A

Coat an antigen for phagocytosis

80
Q

What do the coating antibodies do in the presence of parasites?

A

Coat the parasitic antigen for eosinophils to bind and destroy

81
Q

What do lysis antibodies cause?

A

The cell to break open (lysis)

82
Q

What do precipitation antibodies cause?

A

Cause the antigens to clump together

Happens with agglutination

83
Q

What is immunologic tolerance?

A

The immune system is acting appropriately and not destroying their own cells
Can discriminate between self and not self

84
Q

What causes immunologic tolerance to not work properly

A

Autoimmune diseases

85
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

A transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one animal to another animal

86
Q

What are examples of passive immunity?

A

Maternal antibodies in colostrum

Received preformed antibodies by injection

87
Q

How are preformed anitbodies received by injection?

A

Antibodies produced in a donor animal and given by injection or transfusion
Antibodies are short lived but immediate

88
Q

What does active immunity mean?

A

The body went through a process to make antibodies

89
Q

How do animals develop make antibodies

A

Becoming resistant by either exposure to the disease and developing antibodies or by immunization

90
Q

Are memory cells created in passive immunity?

A

No just active immunity

91
Q

What side of the immune system do vaccines fall under?

A

The active side

92
Q

What are the two most common types of vaccines?

A

Inactivated (killed)

Attenuated (Modified Live)

93
Q

Inactivated (killed) vaccines

A

Whole pathogens or subunits

94
Q

What is an advantage of inactivated vaccines?

A

Unable to cause the disease

Rabies

95
Q

What is a disadvantage of inactivated vaccines?

A

Antigen may be inadequate
Require addition of adjuvants as booster
Possible cause of hypersensitivity

96
Q

Attenuated (Modified Live)

A

Pathogens alive but altered so as not to cause disease but still infect host cells to stimulate immunity

97
Q

What is an advantage of attenuated live vaccine?

A

Stimulate immunity more naturally and efficaciously

Get more of an immune response

98
Q

What is a disadvantage of the attenuated live vaccine?

A

Some types can cause the disease

99
Q

Which vaccine requires repeated doses but are safer?

A

Inactivated (killed)

100
Q

Which vaccine causes strong, long-lasting immunity but can still cause the disease?

A

Attenuated

101
Q

What is an Ideal vaccine?

A

Safe, effective, with no undesirable side effects

102
Q

What are important in preventative medicine?

A

Vaccines

103
Q

What are Recombinant vaccines?

A

Produced through DNA technology
Safe and effective
Rare and expensive

104
Q

What are the different types of vaccines?

A

Subunit
Gene-deleted
Vectored

105
Q

Toxoid vaccines

A

Bacterial toxin is administered and the body produces antibodies

106
Q

What is an example of a toxoid vaccine

A

Tetanus

107
Q

What are we actually vaccinating against when administering a toxoid vaccine

A

A toxin the bacteria produces

108
Q

Anti-toxin/Antisera

A

Antibodies are administered post exposure

Short lived

109
Q

What must be stored, mixed, and administered properly and a recommended schedule be followed?

A

Vaccines

110
Q

What are complications that can occur with vaccines

A

Too young (maternal antibodies)
Compromised
Adjuvant may not perform adequately
Antigenic drift (ex. Canine parvovirus)

111
Q

Antigenic drift

A

The epitope has changed so some vaccines may be outdated

112
Q

What are common adverse vaccine reactions?

A

Slight fever
Lethargy
Soreness
Clients should be warned

113
Q

What are severe (rare) adverse vaccine reactions?

A 
Vomiting
Salivation
Incoordination
urticaria
Dyspnea
114
Q

What is an example of an adverse vaccine reaction that cats get?

A

Fibrosarcoma

115
Q

What is an example of an adverse vaccine reaction that dogs get?

A

IMHA

Thrombocytopenia

Lab techniques 2 (38 decks)

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