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Lab techniques 2 > Blood Groups and Immunity > Flashcards

Blood Groups and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What can go wrong if a patient receives the wrong blood type?

A

The body views it as a foreign protein or antigen and will fight to kill it

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2
Q

RBC antigens are what?

A

structures on the surface that react with antibodies in the plasma of other animals

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3
Q

What are blood group antigens?

A

Specific red blood cell markers in an individual animal

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4
Q

What are genetically determined?

A

Specific surface markers

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5
Q

What can occur with blood transfusions?

A

Antigen-antibody reactions that result in clumping or lysis of RBCs due to antibodies forming against the RBC antigen in the transfused sample

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6
Q

What are naturally occurring antibodies in cats, cattle, sheep, and pigs?

A

Alloantibodies

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7
Q

What are alloantibodies against?

A

Red blood cells that are not their own type?

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8
Q

What species do not have alloantibodies?

A

Dogs

Can give the wrong blood type once the first type

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9
Q

Why is it important to crossmatch the blood type in breeding females?

A

Because Neonatal isoerythrolysis can occur in type A or AB kittens it the queen is type B

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10
Q

If you are breeding a type A cat with a B queen what is it important you do?

A

Test blood types

A and AB kittens will have to be bottle fed if the queen is type B

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11
Q

What do Blood banks provide?

A

Increased availability of blood components

Improved emergency & critical care

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12
Q

What species has more than a dozen blood types?

A

DOgs

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13
Q

What does DEA stand for

A

Dog erythrocyte antigen

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14
Q

What are the two most clinically significant DEA groups

A

DEA 1 and DEA 7

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15
Q

What dog blood type will give the greatest antigen response and cause more transfusion complications?

A

DEA 1.1

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16
Q

Approximately what percentage of dogs are DEA 1.1 positive?

A

50%

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17
Q

Do naturally occurring DEA 1.1 antibodies exist?

A

Not known to exist

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18
Q

What happens in transfusions between DEA 1.1 positive and negative patients?

A

If a DEA 1.1 negative dog previously received a DEA 1.1 positive transfusion and receives another a severe reaction can occur

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19
Q

Why does a severe transfusion reaction in a DEA 1.1 Negative dog that receives a second DEA 1.1 positive occur? mismatched again

A

Because mismatched DEA 1 elicits the greatest antigen response of all DEA types

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20
Q

What are the common blood types in cats?

A

A
B
AB

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21
Q

A blood

A

Found in the majority of cats in the U.S

Have weak anti-B antibodies

22
Q

B blood

A

Found in certain purebred breeds

Have strong anit-A antibodies

23
Q

AB blood

A

Few cats have this blood type

24
Q

What do cats have naturally?

A

Antibodies to the RBC antigen they lack

25
Q

What happens if you transfuse a type B cat with Type A blood

A

Serious reaction, even death

26
Q

What do purebred cats need

A

Both blood typing and crossmatching

27
Q

Why dose Neonatal isoerythrolysis occur in cats?

A

Because they have alloantibodies

28
Q

What is neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Type A and type AB kitten have naturally occurring anti-A antibodies from type B queen
The B blood will view the A and AB as foreign and it will kill the RBCs in the kitten

29
Q

How many blood types do cattle have?

A

11

30
Q

What is the ideal blood type to use in cattle?

A

Type J

31
Q

How many blood types occur in Sheep?

A

7

32
Q

Can neonatal isoerythrolysis occur in lambs?

A

Yes if given bovine colostrum because antibodies to sheep RBC are present in bovine colostrum

33
Q

How many blood types to sheep have?

A

5

34
Q

Can horses also get neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Yes

35
Q

How many blood types do horses have?

A

More than 30 in 8 major groups

36
Q

Why should crossmatching be done in hroses?

A

Transfusion reactions are commonly fatal

37
Q

How can you prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis in horses?

A

By crossmatching the mare serum to the foal RBC to detect antibodies

38
Q

Why do animals affected by neonatal isoerythrolysis turn yellow?

A

Because of the access hemolysis and the increase in billirubin

39
Q

For the Tube method of blood typing what are you looking for?

A

Look under the microscope for evidence of hemolysis or agglutination

40
Q

The Card Agglutination Test

A 
Available for many speceis
Rapid
Accurate
Uses whole blood (EDTA)
Tests DEA 1 +/- or A, B, and AB
41
Q

Immunochromatographic Assay

A

Color change for antigen type rather than agglutination

Like ELISA with line visible or not visible depending on type

42
Q

Crossmatching

A

Mixes the donor sample with the recipient sample to make sure the two blood types are compatible

43
Q

What do major and minor crossmatches require?

A

Serum and whole blood samples

44
Q

Major crossmatch

A

Serum from recipient is added to RBCs from donor

45
Q

Minor crossmatch

A

Serum from donor is added to RBCs from recipient

46
Q

Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 0

A

No evidence of agglutination or hemolysis

47
Q

Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 1

A

Many small agglutinates & some free cells

48
Q

Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 2

A

Large agglutinates & smaller clumps of cells

49
Q

Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 3

A

Many large agglutinates

50
Q

Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 4

A

Solid aggregate of cells

Lab techniques 2 (38 decks)

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