Blood Groups and Immunity Flashcards
What can go wrong if a patient receives the wrong blood type?
The body views it as a foreign protein or antigen and will fight to kill it
RBC antigens are what?
structures on the surface that react with antibodies in the plasma of other animals
What are blood group antigens?
Specific red blood cell markers in an individual animal
What are genetically determined?
Specific surface markers
What can occur with blood transfusions?
Antigen-antibody reactions that result in clumping or lysis of RBCs due to antibodies forming against the RBC antigen in the transfused sample
What are naturally occurring antibodies in cats, cattle, sheep, and pigs?
Alloantibodies
What are alloantibodies against?
Red blood cells that are not their own type?
What species do not have alloantibodies?
Dogs
Can give the wrong blood type once the first type
Why is it important to crossmatch the blood type in breeding females?
Because Neonatal isoerythrolysis can occur in type A or AB kittens it the queen is type B
If you are breeding a type A cat with a B queen what is it important you do?
Test blood types
A and AB kittens will have to be bottle fed if the queen is type B
What do Blood banks provide?
Increased availability of blood components
Improved emergency & critical care
What species has more than a dozen blood types?
DOgs
What does DEA stand for
Dog erythrocyte antigen
What are the two most clinically significant DEA groups
DEA 1 and DEA 7
What dog blood type will give the greatest antigen response and cause more transfusion complications?
DEA 1.1
Approximately what percentage of dogs are DEA 1.1 positive?
50%
Do naturally occurring DEA 1.1 antibodies exist?
Not known to exist
What happens in transfusions between DEA 1.1 positive and negative patients?
If a DEA 1.1 negative dog previously received a DEA 1.1 positive transfusion and receives another a severe reaction can occur
Why does a severe transfusion reaction in a DEA 1.1 Negative dog that receives a second DEA 1.1 positive occur? mismatched again
Because mismatched DEA 1 elicits the greatest antigen response of all DEA types
What are the common blood types in cats?
A
B
AB
A blood
Found in the majority of cats in the U.S
Have weak anti-B antibodies
B blood
Found in certain purebred breeds
Have strong anit-A antibodies
AB blood
Few cats have this blood type
What do cats have naturally?
Antibodies to the RBC antigen they lack
What happens if you transfuse a type B cat with Type A blood
Serious reaction, even death
What do purebred cats need
Both blood typing and crossmatching
Why dose Neonatal isoerythrolysis occur in cats?
Because they have alloantibodies
What is neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Type A and type AB kitten have naturally occurring anti-A antibodies from type B queen
The B blood will view the A and AB as foreign and it will kill the RBCs in the kitten
How many blood types do cattle have?
11
What is the ideal blood type to use in cattle?
Type J
How many blood types occur in Sheep?
7
Can neonatal isoerythrolysis occur in lambs?
Yes if given bovine colostrum because antibodies to sheep RBC are present in bovine colostrum
How many blood types to sheep have?
5
Can horses also get neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Yes
How many blood types do horses have?
More than 30 in 8 major groups
Why should crossmatching be done in hroses?
Transfusion reactions are commonly fatal
How can you prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis in horses?
By crossmatching the mare serum to the foal RBC to detect antibodies
Why do animals affected by neonatal isoerythrolysis turn yellow?
Because of the access hemolysis and the increase in billirubin
For the Tube method of blood typing what are you looking for?
Look under the microscope for evidence of hemolysis or agglutination
The Card Agglutination Test
Available for many speceis Rapid Accurate Uses whole blood (EDTA) Tests DEA 1 +/- or A, B, and AB
Immunochromatographic Assay
Color change for antigen type rather than agglutination
Like ELISA with line visible or not visible depending on type
Crossmatching
Mixes the donor sample with the recipient sample to make sure the two blood types are compatible
What do major and minor crossmatches require?
Serum and whole blood samples
Major crossmatch
Serum from recipient is added to RBCs from donor
Minor crossmatch
Serum from donor is added to RBCs from recipient
Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 0
No evidence of agglutination or hemolysis
Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 1
Many small agglutinates & some free cells
Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 2
Large agglutinates & smaller clumps of cells
Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 3
Many large agglutinates
Grading Crossmatch Reactions: Grade 4
Solid aggregate of cells
