immunity: vaccination and immunisation Flashcards
what is vaccination
injecting small amounts of a dead/inactive form of a pathogen in the body
why doesn’t vaccination cause disease
the pathogen in it is dead
what does the dead pathogen stimulate white blood cells to do
produce antibodies to fight against the dead pathogen
when the white blood cell is fighting against the dead pathogen what is it doing at the same time
dividing itself by mitosis to produce copes of itself
why does the white blood cell divide itself and keep copies
because these cells will stay in our bodies for decades and will be able to quickly produce the antibodies needed to prevent the infection
compared to at vaccination, how fast are antibodies produced when the real pathogen comes
right after vaccination antibodies are produced, but when the real pathogen comes antibodies are produced in higher number and rise quickly
Herd immunity?
even if someone is unvaccinated and they are surrounded by people who are vaccinated they are still protected as no one can spread the disease
why is it important a large amount of people are vaccinated
some people aren’t vaccinated
what is a non specific defence system
a physical barrier preventing pathogens from entering the body
what does the outer layer of skin consist of
dead skin cells
why is skin a protective layer
2 points
its hard for pathogens to penetrate the skin due to the dead cells and
the skin releases sebum, an oily susbtance able to kill bacteria
what does the body do to prevent pathogens entering damaged skin
scabs are created over damaged skin
what components of the nose can protect you from pathogens
nose hair and mucus can trap pathogens before entering the breathing system
what 3 components protect you if pathogens enter through you nose
before enetering the breating system, the trachea and bronchi are covered with cillia which are tiny hairs covered in mucus, trapping pathogens
where does cillia next direct the pathogen
the cilia wafts the mucus up the throat, where its swalloed into the stomach
how does the stomach protect you
the stomach contains strong hydrochloric acid, killing pathogens before it eneters the digestive system
the stomach is a c– b–
chemical barrier
what can pathogens do if they eneter the bloodstream
they can multiply and damage healthy tissues
what does the immune system do to prevent pathogens from harming us
2 ways
immune system destroys pathogens and toxins they produce
immune system protects us in case same pathogen attack us again in the future
how many ways can white blood cells fight pathogens and what do they generally do
3:phagocytosis, antibodies and antitoxins
wbc ingest and destroy pathogens
what happens during phagocytosis
3 points
the wbc detects a pathogen and moves towards it
it then ingests the pathogen
the wbc uses enzymes to destroy the pathogen
what happens with antibodies and what are antibodies
antibodies - protein molecule produced by white blood cells
antibodies stick to pathogens and triggers them to be destroyed
what are 2 points about antibodies
- antibodies ar specific to the pathogen and can’t protect against other pathogens
- antibodies remain in the blood for a long time so you’ll be protected when infected again
what do antitoxins do and what do they counter
antitoxins counter harmful toxins which are chemcials released by bacteria
antitoxins are chemicals released by wbc and they stick to toxin molecules and they prevent toxins from damaging cells
what is antibiotic resistance
doctors dsicovered certain antibiotics were no longer working aainst certain bacteria
why does antibiotic resistance exist
antibiotics were overused
