cell specialisation

Question 1

what is it called when cells are specialised

Answer 1

differentiation

Question 2

how are sperm cells adapted when it comes to genetics

Answer 2

they have half the genetic info of an adult cell

Question 3

sperm cells: swimming to the ovum

Answer 3

they have a long streamlined tail to help them swim to the ovum

Question 4

sperm cells: extra energy for swimming

Answer 4

extra energy for swimming is provided by many mitochondria

Question 5

sperm cells: breaking into the ovum

Answer 5

their head contains enzymes which allow them to break into the ovum

Question 6

what do nerve cells do

Answer 6

carry electrical impulses around the body

Question 7

what does the axon do: nerve cell

Answer 7

it carries the electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

Question 8

what is the axon covered in and why

Answer 8

myelin, to insulate the axon and speed the transmission of nerve impulses

Question 9

what does the end of the axon have and what does this do

Answer 9

synapses which allow the impulse to pass from one cell to another

Question 10

what do dendrites do in a nerve cell

Answer 10

increases surface area so other nerve cells can connect more easily

Question 11

how are muscle cells adapted to contract

Answer 11

they contain protein fibres which can change their length
when a muscle cell contracts, protein fibres shorten decreasing the cell’s length

Question 12

what are muscle cells packed full of

Answer 12

mitochondria

Question 13

what are root hair cells covered in and why

Answer 13

in hair protrusions which increases the surface area of the root so it absorbs water and minerals mre effectively

Question 14

what do root hair cells not have and why

Answer 14

chloroplasts as they’re underground

Question 15

what do xylem do and what is it

Answer 15

a long tube which carry water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves

Question 16

xylem have t– w– that have l–

Answer 16

xylem have thick walls that have lignin providing support to the plant

Question 17

what does lignin cause the xylem cells to do

Answer 17

the xylem cells are dead because of lignin

Question 18

what happend to the end walls between the cells in xylem and what does this do

Answer 18

the end walls between the cells have broken down so the cells now form a long tube and dissolved minerals flow easily

Question 19

what do xylem cells not have and why

Answer 19

no nucleus, no cytoplasm, no vacuole, or chloroplasts so its easier for water and minerals to flow

Question 20

what do phloem tubes do

Answer 20

they carry dissolved sugars up and down the plant

Question 21

what does the phloem vessel not have

Answer 21

no nucleus and a limited cytoplasm

Question 22

what happend to the end walls of the vessel cells in phloem

Answer 22

the end walls have pores called sieve plates, these allow sugar to move through the interior

Question 23

what does each phloem vessel have and how is this connected

Answer 23

phloem companion cell connected by sieve plates

Question 24

what do phloem companion cells do

Answer 24

mitochondria in the companion cell provides energy to the vessel cell