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bio paper 1 > communicable diseases > Flashcards

communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganisms which cause infectious diseases

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2
Q

why cant viruses reproduce on their own

A

they can only reproduce in a host cell

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3
Q

how do viruses reproduce

A

first the virus invades the host cell and then reproduces in it

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4
Q

how does virus reproduction affect cells

A

virus reproduction in cells is very damaging to the cells

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5
Q

if the virus leaves the cell what can happen

A

the cell can burst and die

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6
Q

what kind of cell is fungi
(2 points)

A

eukaryotic and can be unicellular or multicellular

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7
Q

what structures do fungi have and how does this cause disease

A

fungi have long threadlike structures called hyphae which can penetrate human skin or spread over plants

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8
Q

how do more fungi generate

A

fungi can produce spores and grow into more fungi

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9
Q

what kind of cell is protist
2 points

A

eukaryotic, uni or multicellular

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10
Q

how do protists spread disease

A

they are transported by vectors which carry the disease and spread it to other organisms

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11
Q

vectors do not_

A

vectors do not receive the disease itself

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12
Q

what are some protists

A

parasites

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13
Q

what kind of cell is bacteria

A

prokaryotic

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14
Q

how does bacteria cause illness

A

bacteria reproduces rapidly
they release harmful toxins which damage tissues and make us feel ill

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15
Q

how can pathogens be spread

A

in the air
water droplets in air from coughing or sneezing
in water like cholera
direct contact eg needles
sexual intercourse
hygiene

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16
Q

what kind of pathogen is measles

A

virus

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17
Q

what are the 2 symptoms of measles

A
  1. a fever
  2. a red rash after 3 days on the body
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18
Q

how is measles spread

A

when a person inhales water droplets that an affected person spread through coughing or sneezing

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19
Q

what can happen is serious cases of measles

A

complications such as damaged breathing system or brain damage

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20
Q

how is measles prevented

A

children are usually vaccinated against measles when they’re young

21
Q

what are the symtpoms of hiv and what does this signify

A

a flu-like illness that disappears after 2 weeks
the virus is attacking the patient’s immune system at this point

22
Q

what kind of pathogen is hiv

A

virus

23
Q

what happens overtime with hiv

A

the immune system becomes damaged so much that it cant even fight off normal infectons (late stage)

24
Q

what happens to the patient after reaching late stage HIV

A

they may get infections like tb or even develop cancer
this is known as aids which is often fatal

25
Q

how is hiv spread

A

through exchanging fluids

26
Q

what drug is used to control hiv
how do these work
3 points

A

antiretroval drugs
they stop the virus from multiplying in the patient and the virus wont damage the patients immune system
if patients take these they dont develop aids and can have a normal life expectancy

27
Q

what is significant about antiretrovals

A

antiretrovals is not a cure, patients must take this for the rest of their life

28
Q

what pathogen causes salmonella

A

bacteria

29
Q

how is salmonella spread

A

through eating infected food
food that was prepared unhygienically

30
Q

the bacteria _ _
which causes symptoms:
(4)

A

the bacteria secretes toxins causing symptoms: fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

31
Q

where is salmonella sometimes found

A

in poultry like chicken

32
Q

how is salmonella prevented in the uk

A

all chickens in the uk are vaccinated against salmonella, controlling spread of the disease

33
Q

what kind of pathogen is gonorrhoea

A

bacteria

34
Q

what are symptoms of gonorrhoea (2)

A

thick yellow or green discharge from penis or vagina
pain while urinating

35
Q

how was gonorrhoea treated before and why doesnt it work anymore

A

with penicillin but gonorrhoea became antibiotic resistant overtime

36
Q

how can the spread of gonorrhoea be controlled

A

by using condoms, a barrier protection

37
Q

if you have unprotected sex what should you do and why

A

test yourself for stds/stis so you can be treated before passing it on

38
Q

what kind of pathogen is malaria

A

protist

39
Q

what are symptoms of malaria

A

repeated bouts of fever

40
Q

how can we prevent the spread of malaria

A

by eradicating the mosquito

41
Q

how does the mosquito spread malaria

A

it is a vector, carrying the disease

42
Q

how can we eradicate mosquitoes

A

by stoping them from breeding

43
Q

where do mosquitos breed and how do we get rid of this
2 ways

A

mosquitos breed in still water so we need to drain them
or we can spray insecticide around the area to directly kill

44
Q

what 2 ways can we protect ourselves from mosquitos

A

by preventing bites - sleeping under a net
spraying inseticide on the net so mosqusitos landing on them die

45
Q

what causes tobacco mosaic virus - tmv and what does it affect

A

viruses, it affects plants like tomatos

46
Q

what happens when a plant get tmv - slowing down _

A

the leaves become discoloured and frm a mosaic pattern slowing down photosynthesis

47
Q

what does rose black spot affect and and what pathogen is it

A

its fungal and affects plants

48
Q

what happens to plants after getting rose black spot
3 points

A

leaves gain purple or black spots
leaves often turn yellow and fall ff
the rate of photosynthesis is reduced and therefore the rate of growth

49
Q

what is rbs spread in

A

water or wind

bio paper 1 (23 decks)

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