Immune System Flashcards
What is the most abundant innate immune phagocyte?
Neutrophil
What do phagocytes use? What is this?
- Opsonization: pathogen marker
What do antibodies bind to?
Antibodies bind to bacteria, virus, and pathogens
Are NK’s T lymphocytes? What are they also considered?
- Yes; nonphagocytic large granular lymphocytes
What do NK’s identify?
Identify virus infected cells
What is the most important mechanism of the innate immune system?
Inflammatory response
What are the 5 functions of the inflammatory response?
- Triggered whenever body tissues injured.
- Prevents spread of damaging agents.
- Disposes of cell debris and pathogens.
- Alerts adaptive immune system.
- Sets the stage of repair.
What are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- impairment of function
What are the innate defenses?
- surface barriers
- internal defenses
What are the surface barriers?
- Skin
- mucous membranes
What are the internal defenses?
- Phagocytes
- NK’s
- Inflammation
- antimicrobial proteins
- fever
What are some common phagocytes?
- Neutrophils
- Macrophages
How many types of macrophages are there? And what are they?
- 2 (that are covered in lecture)
- Free macrophages: wander through tissue spaces
- Fixed macrophages: permanent residents of some organs
What do NK’s induce?
Apoptosis: the death of cells
The more (fill in the blank) the (fill in the blank) are the higher the chance of getting edema.
- leaky
- capillaries
What occurs due to inflammatory mediators?
- blood vessels become dilated leading to redness and heat
- leaky/permeable capillaries
The exudation of capillaries causes edema, which leads to what?
Edema pushes on nerve endings, causing pain
What is the first step of phagocytic mobilization?
Leukocytosis: releases neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors from the injured cells
What is the second step of phagocytic mobilization?
Margination: neutrophils cling to the capillary walls of the inflamed area
What is the third step of phagocytic mobilization?
Diapedesis of neutrophils: flattens neutrophil cells and squeeze them through the permeable membrane and is the site of inflammation.
What is the fourth step of phagocytic mobilization?
Chemotaxis: inflammatory chemicals promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils
*move cells toward chemical agents or away from repellents
What is the overall goal of the phagocytic mobilization process?
to get WBC’s to the site of injury
What are the adaptive defenses?
- humoral immunity: B cells
- cellular immunity: T cells
The adaptive immune system does not need to be activated. (T/F)
False
What are the three types of cells in the adaptive immune system?
- B lymphocytes: producing antibodies and blood
- T lymphocytes: directly attacks/activates other cells
- Antigen-presenting cells (APC’s): activate T/B lymphocytes
What are the 5 steps of the lymphocyte life cycle?
- Origin: both B/T lymphocytes begin in red bone marrow
- Maturation: in order to mature both lymphocytes must pass the immunocompetence test and self tolerance test
- Seeding secondary lymphoid organs: *think college- they seed secondary lymphoid organs and circulate through blood and lymph
- Antigen encounter and activation: lymphocyte is activated once the lymphocytes antigen bind to receptor
- Proliferation and differentiation: lymphocytes that are activated multiply and differentiate into effector and memory cells
What is positive selection in T cells?
- T cells must recognize self major histocompatibility proteins (MHC)
1. Failure to recognize self-MHC results in apoptosis
2. Recognizing self MHC results in survival, survivors proceed to neg selection
What is negative selection in T cells
- T cells must not recognize self antigens
1. Recognize self antigen results in apoptosis. This eliminates self-reactive T cells that could cause autoimmune disease
2. Failure to recognize self antigen results in survival and continued maturation.
What are immunocompetent B & T cells that have not been exposed to antigens called?
Naive
What is clonal selection?
This is the first encounter naive lymphocyte has with antigen; IF the correct signals is present, lymphocyte will proceed with its complete differentiation
What are most clones? What do few clones remain?
Effector cells- fight infections
Memory cells- able to respond to same antigen more quickly the second time
(Blank) determine which foreign substance the immune system will recognize.
Genes
What are APC’S? What are the major types?
- antigen presenting cells
- engulf antigens
- dendritic cells: located in connective tissue and epidermis
- macrophages: located in connective tissue and lymphoid organs
What do most clone cells become?
Plasma cells
What do plasma cells secrete?
antibodies (which circulate blood and lymph)
What are the steps of the Immunological Memory?
- Primary Immune Response
- Secondary Immune Response
What occurs in the primary immune response?
- cell proliferation and differentiation upon the first antigen exposure
- lags for 3-6 days
- reaches peak level of plasma antibody in 10 days, then the levels quickly decline
What occurs in secondary immune response?
- re-exposed to same antigen with a faster, prolonged, and more effective response
- antibody peak levels is in 2-3 days; antibody level can last for months
What category do Immunoglobulins fall under? And, what are they?
- Antibodies
- proteins that attach to antigens that are secreted by plasma cells
What are the five antibody groups?
- IgM
- IgA
- IgD
- IgG
- IgE
What is the function of the antibody groups?
dictate: cells/chemicals the abs can bind to; how abs fxn to eliminate antigens
What do CD4 cells become
helper T cells
