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Anatomy& Physiology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant innate immune phagocyte?

A

Neutrophil

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2
Q

What do phagocytes use? What is this?

A
  • Opsonization: pathogen marker
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3
Q

What do antibodies bind to?

A

Antibodies bind to bacteria, virus, and pathogens

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4
Q

Are NK’s T lymphocytes? What are they also considered?

A
  • Yes; nonphagocytic large granular lymphocytes
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5
Q

What do NK’s identify?

A

Identify virus infected cells

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6
Q

What is the most important mechanism of the innate immune system?

A

Inflammatory response

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7
Q

What are the 5 functions of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. Triggered whenever body tissues injured.
  2. Prevents spread of damaging agents.
  3. Disposes of cell debris and pathogens.
  4. Alerts adaptive immune system.
  5. Sets the stage of repair.
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8
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
  • impairment of function
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9
Q

What are the innate defenses?

A
  • surface barriers
  • internal defenses
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10
Q

What are the surface barriers?

A
  • Skin
  • mucous membranes
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11
Q

What are the internal defenses?

A
  • Phagocytes
  • NK’s
  • Inflammation
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • fever
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12
Q

What are some common phagocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
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13
Q

How many types of macrophages are there? And what are they?

A
  • 2 (that are covered in lecture)
  • Free macrophages: wander through tissue spaces
  • Fixed macrophages: permanent residents of some organs
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14
Q

What do NK’s induce?

A

Apoptosis: the death of cells

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15
Q

The more (fill in the blank) the (fill in the blank) are the higher the chance of getting edema.

A
  • leaky
  • capillaries
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16
Q

What occurs due to inflammatory mediators?

A
  • blood vessels become dilated leading to redness and heat
  • leaky/permeable capillaries
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17
Q

The exudation of capillaries causes edema, which leads to what?

A

Edema pushes on nerve endings, causing pain

18
Q

What is the first step of phagocytic mobilization?

A

Leukocytosis: releases neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors from the injured cells

19
Q

What is the second step of phagocytic mobilization?

A

Margination: neutrophils cling to the capillary walls of the inflamed area

20
Q

What is the third step of phagocytic mobilization?

A

Diapedesis of neutrophils: flattens neutrophil cells and squeeze them through the permeable membrane and is the site of inflammation.

21
Q

What is the fourth step of phagocytic mobilization?

A

Chemotaxis: inflammatory chemicals promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils
*move cells toward chemical agents or away from repellents

22
Q

What is the overall goal of the phagocytic mobilization process?

A

to get WBC’s to the site of injury

23
Q

What are the adaptive defenses?

A
  • humoral immunity: B cells
  • cellular immunity: T cells
24
Q

The adaptive immune system does not need to be activated. (T/F)

A

False

25
Q

What are the three types of cells in the adaptive immune system?

A
  • B lymphocytes: producing antibodies and blood
  • T lymphocytes: directly attacks/activates other cells
  • Antigen-presenting cells (APC’s): activate T/B lymphocytes
26
Q

What are the 5 steps of the lymphocyte life cycle?

A
  1. Origin: both B/T lymphocytes begin in red bone marrow
  2. Maturation: in order to mature both lymphocytes must pass the immunocompetence test and self tolerance test
  3. Seeding secondary lymphoid organs: *think college- they seed secondary lymphoid organs and circulate through blood and lymph
  4. Antigen encounter and activation: lymphocyte is activated once the lymphocytes antigen bind to receptor
  5. Proliferation and differentiation: lymphocytes that are activated multiply and differentiate into effector and memory cells
27
Q

What is positive selection in T cells?

A
  • T cells must recognize self major histocompatibility proteins (MHC)
    1. Failure to recognize self-MHC results in apoptosis
    2. Recognizing self MHC results in survival, survivors proceed to neg selection
28
Q

What is negative selection in T cells

A
  • T cells must not recognize self antigens
    1. Recognize self antigen results in apoptosis. This eliminates self-reactive T cells that could cause autoimmune disease
    2. Failure to recognize self antigen results in survival and continued maturation.
29
Q

What are immunocompetent B & T cells that have not been exposed to antigens called?

A

Naive

30
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

This is the first encounter naive lymphocyte has with antigen; IF the correct signals is present, lymphocyte will proceed with its complete differentiation

31
Q

What are most clones? What do few clones remain?

A

Effector cells- fight infections
Memory cells- able to respond to same antigen more quickly the second time

32
Q

(Blank) determine which foreign substance the immune system will recognize.

A

Genes

33
Q

What are APC’S? What are the major types?

A
  • antigen presenting cells
  • engulf antigens
  • dendritic cells: located in connective tissue and epidermis
  • macrophages: located in connective tissue and lymphoid organs
34
Q

What do most clone cells become?

A

Plasma cells

35
Q

What do plasma cells secrete?

A

antibodies (which circulate blood and lymph)

36
Q

What are the steps of the Immunological Memory?

A
  • Primary Immune Response
  • Secondary Immune Response
37
Q

What occurs in the primary immune response?

A
  • cell proliferation and differentiation upon the first antigen exposure
  • lags for 3-6 days
  • reaches peak level of plasma antibody in 10 days, then the levels quickly decline
38
Q

What occurs in secondary immune response?

A
  • re-exposed to same antigen with a faster, prolonged, and more effective response
  • antibody peak levels is in 2-3 days; antibody level can last for months
39
Q

What category do Immunoglobulins fall under? And, what are they?

A
  • Antibodies
  • proteins that attach to antigens that are secreted by plasma cells
40
Q

What are the five antibody groups?

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgA
  3. IgD
  4. IgG
  5. IgE
41
Q

What is the function of the antibody groups?

A

dictate: cells/chemicals the abs can bind to; how abs fxn to eliminate antigens

42
Q

What do CD4 cells become

A

helper T cells

Anatomy& Physiology (18 decks)

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