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Anatomy& Physiology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A long distance chemical signal

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2
Q

How would chemical/hormones be transported throughout the body?

A

Via blood or lymph

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3
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

The study of hormones and endocrine glands?

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4
Q

What are the major organs called in the endocrine system?

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adrenal
  5. Pineal
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5
Q

What do the endocrine glands produce?

A

Hormones

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6
Q

What do the exocrine glands produce?

A

Nonhormonal substances (sweat, saliva)

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7
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete their production?

A

Surrounding tissues

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8
Q

What does the plasma membrane not allow the passage of?

A

Amino acids

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9
Q

What does the plasma membrane allow the passage of?

A

Steroid hormones (lipids)

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10
Q

Does the posterior pituitary lobe produce or store hormones?

A

Store hormones

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11
Q

What is the major function of ADH?

A

regulates water balance & inhibits urine formation

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12
Q

What is the major function of oxytocin?

A

released during childbirth, stimulant of uterine contraction

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13
Q

What does the ADH target?

A

kidney tubules

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14
Q

What kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary lobe associated with?

A

Glandular tisse

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15
Q

How is communication done between the anterior pituitary lobe and the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamus —> Hypophyseal portal veins —> Anterior Posterior Lobe

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16
Q

How many hormones are produced/released by the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

six

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17
Q

What are the six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

-TSH
-GH
-FSH
-LH
-ACTH
-PRL

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18
Q

All anterior pituitary lobes are?

A

Proteins

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19
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

regulates secretory actions of endocrine glands

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20
Q

What are the direct action of GH hormones?

A

metabolism: increases blood levels of fatty acids; protein synthesis; conserves glucose

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21
Q

What does the hypersecretion of GH result in?

A

gigantism (children)
acromegaly (adults)

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22
Q

What does hyposecretion GH result in?

A

pituitary dwarfism

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23
Q

What do the terms hypo/hypersecretion mean?

A

Not enough or too much hormone production

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24
Q

What is TSH released by?

A

Anterior pituitary lobe

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25
Q

What is the process from the hypothalamus to TSH being released?

A

Hypothalamus (TRH) —> Anterior Pituitary Lobe (TSH) —> Thyroid (TH) —> target cells

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26
Q

What is the thyroid composed of?

A

isthmus: two lateral lobes

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27
Q

What do follicular cells produce?

A

Thyroglobulin

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28
Q

What do thyroglobulin produce?

A

Colloid

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29
Q

What hormone does the parafollicular cell produce?

A

calcitonin

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30
Q

What is the goal of TH?

A

regulate tissue growth and development & increase metabolic rate and heat production

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31
Q

What is required of thyroglobulin?

A

follicular cells

32
Q

What are some homeostatic imbalances of the hyposecretion of TH?

A

myxedema (goiter)
cretinism

33
Q

What is its lack of in TH hyposecretion?

A

iodine

34
Q

What HI results in infants concerning hyposecretion of TH?

A

Cretinism

35
Q

What is the most important hormone for calcium ion regulation?

A

PTH

36
Q

What is PTH? What is it produced by?

A

Parathyroid hormone ; parathyroid gland

37
Q

Kidney tubules target what activation?

A

Vitamin D

38
Q

What is the antagonist to PTH?

A

calcitonin

39
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland helps with acute stress?

A

Adrenal medulla

40
Q

What kind of tissue is in the adrenal medulla?

A

nervous tissue

41
Q

What is ACTH?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

42
Q

What is ACTH target organs?

A

Adrenal glands

43
Q

What are the two major parts of the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

44
Q

What are targeted to maintain calcium regulation?

A

Osteocytes

45
Q

Low blood calcium stimulate what to be produced?

A

PTH released.

46
Q

What kind of tissue is the adrenal medulla?

A

nervous tissue

47
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland helps with chronic stress?

A

Adrenal cortex

48
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

corticosteroids

49
Q

What are the three major regions of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa, retiuclaris, fasciculata

50
Q

What is the most common hormone by mineralcorticoids?

A

Aldosterone

51
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Stimulates water reabsorption and water retention

52
Q

What do glucocorticoids produce?

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

53
Q

What do aldosterone and cortisol respond to? What part of the adrenal gland do they respond to?

A

ACTH and adrenal cortex

54
Q

What leads to Cushing’s syndrome/disease?

A

Glucocorticoid imbalance (over production)

55
Q

What is a symptom of Cushing’s syndrome/disease?

A

High blood glucose and blood pressure

56
Q

What leads to Addison’s disease?

A

lower production of glucocorticoids and a mineralocorticoid deficiency

57
Q

What are the symptoms of Addison’s disease?

A

Hypotension, weight loss, and sever dehydration

58
Q

What are gonadocorticoids?

A

sex hormones

59
Q

What cells produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

medullary chromaffin cells

60
Q

What are the medullary chromaffin cell effects?

A

fight or flight, vasoconstriction, high heart rate, high blood sugar, blood diverts to brain, heart, and skeletal muscles

61
Q

What are the hormones from gonadotropins?

A

FSH & LH

62
Q

What does LH target?

A

The ovaries and testes

63
Q

What does FSH target?

A

Stimulates estrogen and sperm production

64
Q

What is the temporary organ of the body?

A

placenta

65
Q

What does prolactin (PRL) stimulate?

A

milk production

66
Q

Is PRL a +/- feedback?

A

+ feedback

67
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

hangs from the third ventricle (brain)

68
Q

What produces melatonin?

A

pinealocytes

69
Q

What is responsible for normal development of T cells?

A

thymus

70
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

insulin and glucagon

71
Q

Which cell produces glucagon?

A

Alpha cell

72
Q

Which cell produces insulin

A

Beta cell

73
Q

What does insulin do?

A

lowers blood sugar

74
Q

What is glucagon’s target?

A

the liver

75
Q

What is a humoral stimulus?

A

hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients

76
Q

What is neural stimulus?

A

hormone release caused by neural input

77
Q

What is hormonal stimulus?

A

hormone release caused by another hormone ( a tropic hormone)

Anatomy& Physiology (18 decks)

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