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Anatomy& Physiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is skin’s main function?

A

Protection

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2
Q

What is another name for skin?

A

Integument

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3
Q

What are the 2 distinct regions for the integument?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
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4
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The superficial region
Epithelial tissue

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5
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Underlies epidermis
Mostly consist of connective tissue
Strong and flexible

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6
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A
  • subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
  • not part of the skin
  • mostly muscles and adipose tissue
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7
Q

What are the 4 cells of the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Dendritic cell
  4. Tactile cells
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8
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • Produce keratin - fibrous protein
  • most cells of epidermis
  • tightly connected by desmosomes
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9
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • 10-25% of cells in deepest epidermis
  • produce melanin → packaged into melanosomes → responsible for skin color
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10
Q

Dendritic cells (langerhans)

A
  • Immune cell
  • macrophages - key activators of immune system
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11
Q

Tactile cells (merkel)

A
  • Sensory touch receptors
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12
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis (superficial to deep?)

A
  1. Stratum corneum
    * stratum lucidium ( only in thick skin e.g. Palms of hand or soles of feet)
  2. Stratum granulosum
  3. Stratum spinosum
  4. Stratum basale
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13
Q

Stratum basale

A
  • Deepest epidermal layer
  • actively mitotic:
    • produces 2 daughter cells
  • melanocytes compose 10-25% of this layer
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14
Q

Stratum spinosum

A
  • Aka prickly layer
  • several layers thick
    -Present melanosomes and dendritic cells
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15
Q

Stratum granlosum

A
  • 4-6 cell layers
  • keratinization begins
  • cells apical to this layer die
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16
Q

Stratum lucidium

A
  • Clear layer
  • Only in thick skin
  • few rows of dead keratinocytes
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17
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • 20-30 rows of dead, flat, anuclecte, keratinized sacs
  • although dead, functions to protect deeper cell
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18
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary
  2. Reticular
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19
Q

What is the papillae layer composed of?

A
  • areolar connective tissue
  • collagen fibers
  • elastic fibers
  • blood vessels
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20
Q

What is the dermal papillae?

A
  • peglike projections
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21
Q

What is a fingerprint ridge called?

A

Friction ridges

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22
Q

This layer is deep to the papillary layer.

A

Reticular layer

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23
Q

What composes the reticular layer?

A
  • Dense fibrous connective tissue
  • elastic fibers
  • collagen filers
    • cleavage line
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24
Q

What are the dark lines an our fingers and hands?

A

Flexure lines

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25
Q

What are stretch marks known as?

A

Striae ( silvery white scars)

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26
Q

In striae what does the stretching cause?

A

Dermal tears

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27
Q

What is a blister?

A

Fluid filled pocket that separates the dermis and epidermis

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28
Q

What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color?

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
  3. Hemoglobin
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29
Q

What color das hemoglobin give off?

A

Pinkish fair skin

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30
Q

What color does carotene give off? Where does it accumulate?

A

-Yellow to orange
- stratum corneum and hypodermis

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31
Q

What color does melanin give off?

A
  • Reddish-yellow
  • brownish - black
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32
Q

What can stimulate melanin production?

A

Sun exposure

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33
Q

If diagnosed with cyanosis, what color wold the skin be and why?

A

Blue and due to low oxygen of hemoglobin

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34
Q

If diagnosed with erythema, what color would the skin be and why?

A

Red and due to : fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

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35
Q

If diagnosed with jaundice, what color would the skin be and why?

A

Yellow and liver disorder

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36
Q

If I detected bruising on the skin, what is happening?

A

Clothed blood beneath the skin

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37
Q

If I detected the bronzing of someone’s skin , what would be the issue?

A

Inadequate steroid hormones in addison’s disease

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38
Q

What are the derivatives of the epidermis?

A
  1. Hairs and hair follicles
  2. Nails
  3. Sweat glands
  4. Sebaceous glands
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39
Q

What is hair and its function?

A

Dead keratinized cells; protection, sensation, and warmth

40
Q

What do hair pigments consist of?

A

Melanins & trichossiderin

41
Q

The main regions of the hair follicles are?

A

Shaft& root

42
Q

What is the function of the hair matrix?

A

Dividing area; mitotically active cells that produce hair

43
Q

What is the function of the hair matrix?

A

Dividing area; mitotically active cells that produce hair

44
Q

Arrector pilli

A

Smooth muscle attached to follicle

45
Q

hair papilla

A

dermal tissue- blood supply

46
Q

2 types of hair

A

Vellus and Terminal

47
Q

What is vellus hair?

A

Pale and fine body hair of children and adult females

48
Q

What is terminal hair?

A

-coarse. long hair of eyebrows & scalp that occur at puberty

49
Q

What is the nail

A

protective cover for distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes

50
Q

What are sweat glands called?

A

Sudoriferous glands

51
Q

Where are sudoriferous glands located?

A

all skin surfaces except nipples and external genitalia

52
Q

About how many sudoriferous glands are present within the body?

A

3 million

53
Q

What are two types of sudoriferous glands?

A
  1. Eccrine (merocrine)
    2.Apocrine
54
Q

Eccrine are the most ____ sweat glands

A

numerous

55
Q

What are eccrine glands made up of?

A

99% water, salts, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, and metabolic wastes

56
Q

What is dermcidin?

A

antimicrobial agent

57
Q

Where are eccrine glands commonly found?

A

Palms, soles, and forehead

58
Q

Classification of eccrine glands would be:

A

active sweating

59
Q

Apocrine glands are confined to which locations?

A

Axillary and anogenital areas

60
Q

What are apocrine glands composed of?

A

Sweat, fatty substances, and proteins

61
Q

Which sudoriferous gland causing odor?

A

Apocrine

62
Q

Which sudoriferous gland is larger?

A

Apocrine

63
Q

When does the apocrine gland begin functioning?

A

At puberty

64
Q

What are two types of apocrine glands?

A

ceruminous and mammary

65
Q

Where is the ceruminous gland? What does it produce/secrete?

A

lining of external ear canal; cerumen

66
Q

Where is the mammary gland? What does is produce/secrete?

A

The breast/mammary area; milk

67
Q

Where are sebaceous glands located? What do they produce/secrete?

A

Develop from hair follicles; secrete oily holocrine /bactericidal into hair follicles

68
Q

What is the function of a sebaceous gland?

A

softens hair and skin

69
Q

What gland also is not active until puberty?

A

Sebaceous glands

70
Q

What stimulates sebaceous glands?

A

hormones and androgens

71
Q

What are the functions of the Integumentary System?

A

1.Protection
2. Body temp regulation
3.Cutaneous sensation
4.Metabolic functions
5. Blood reservoir
6. Excretion

72
Q

What are the 3 barriers in protection?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Physical
  3. Biological
73
Q

What is the function of chemical barriers?

A

To detour pathogens

74
Q

What is melanin’s function?

A

Defense against UV radiation damage

75
Q

What do biological barriers do?

A

Cells that actively defend

76
Q

What are 2 biological barriers

A

dendritic cells to the epidermis
macrophages to dermis

77
Q

What is another biological barrier having to do with genetic material?

A

DNA: electrons absorb UV rays
Rays convert to heat

78
Q

What is normal body temperature classified as?

A

Insensible perspiration

79
Q

If your body temperature increases, what is that due to and What is it called when the body is being cooled down?

A
  • Dilation of dermal vessels and increased sweat glands
  • sensible perspiration
80
Q

What is the function of the cutaneous sensation?

A

Sensory receptor that detects temperature, touch, and pain

81
Q

What is the metabolic function?

A

Synthesis of Vitamin D

82
Q

What are the steps of Vitamin D synthesis?

A

Sunlight → cholesterol molecules converted to Vitamin D precursor → transported by blood

83
Q

What element is the metabolic function essential for?

A

Calcium

84
Q

How much of the body’s blood volume is stored in the blood reservoir?

A

5%

85
Q

What is excretion?

A

Nitrogenous waste and salt in sweat

86
Q

A (blank) causes tissue damage by what?

A

Burn; heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals

87
Q

A burn is a homeostatic imbalance (T/F)

A

True

88
Q

What is the immediate threat a burn causes?

A

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

89
Q

How are burns evaluated?

A
  • Body divided into 9’s
90
Q

Burn classifications by severity

A
  1. First degree
  2. Second degree
  3. Third degree
91
Q

What are the 2 burns that are partial thickness burns?

A

First and Second degree

92
Q

What burn is classified as full thickness burn?

A

Third degree

93
Q

What part of the skin does the first degree damage? Examples?

A

Epidermis; redness, edema, pain

94
Q

What part of the skin does the second degree damage? Examples?

A

Epidermis and some dermis damage; blisters

95
Q

What part of the skin does the third degree damage? Examples?

A

The entire dermis and epidermis; skin gray white, chewy red, or blackened; no swelling

95
Q

When is a burn classified as critical?

A
  • 25% of body has second degree burns
  • Third degree burns present
96
Q

What are different treatments for burns?

A
  • Debridement
  • Antibiotics
  • temporary covering
  • skin grafts

Anatomy& Physiology (18 decks)

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