Chapter 8 Flashcards
Articulation
site where two or more bones meet
Joint Function
- give skeleton mobility
- hold skeleton together
Classifications of Joints:
- Structural
- Functional
Functional Classifications:
- Synarthroses
- Amphiarthroses
- Diarthroses
Synarthroses
immovable joint
Amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints
Diarthroses
freely movable joints
Structural Classifications:
- Fibrous joints
- Cartliginous joints
- Synovial joints
Fibrous joints
bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
Most synarthrotic joint?
Fibrous joint
Types of Fibrous Joints
- Sutures
- Syndesomoses
- Gomphoses
Sutures description/location/fact
- joints interlocked by fibers
- found in the skull
- in middle age sutures and ossify and fuse AKA synostoses
Syndesmoses description/location/fact
- joints held together by a ligament
- ligament that connects the fibula/tibia or radius/ulna
*little to no movement at tibiofibular and movement at radius and ulna connection
Gomphoses description/location
- peg in socket fibrous joint
- peridontal ligament
*only in the teeth
Cartilaginous joint
- bones united by cartilage
- no joint cavity
- synarthrotic
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
- Synchondroses
- Symphyses
Synchondroses
- hyaline cartilage unites (joints)
- synarthrotic
- ribs attached to sternum (manubrium)/ epiphyseal plate
Symphyeses
- fibrocartilage unite (joints)
- amphiarthrotic
- pubic symphysis/ intervertebral discs
Synovial Joints
- separate bones by fluid-filled joint cavity
- diarthrotic
- limb joints
6 shapes of Synvoial Joints
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- condylar
- saddle
- ball and socket joints
6 Distinguishing Factors of Synovial Joints
- Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage
- Joint cavity: synovial
- Articular capsule: joint
- Synovial fluid
- Different reinforcing ligaments
- Nerve and blood vessels
Articular cartilage
prevents crushing bone ends
Joint cavity
small fluid-filled potential space
Articular capsule
- fibrous layer (external)
- synovial membrane (internal)- produces synvoal fluid
Synovial fluid
-slippery and viscous due to hyaluronic acid
- lubricates/nourishes articular cartilage
- contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
Different Reinforcing Ligaments
- contains capsular: thicker part of fibrous layer
- extracapsular: outside of the capsule
- intracapsular: inside of the capsule
Nerves and Blood vessels
- innervated and vascular: detect pain and monitor joint position
Other Factors of Distinguishing of Synovial Joints
not present in all joints
- Fatty pads
- articular discs
- bursae
- tendon sheaths
Homeostatic Imbalances in Joints
- Tendonitis
- Bursitis
Tendonitis
- inflammation of tendon sheaths due to overuse
- treat with rest, ice, and antiinflammatory drugs
Bursitis
- inflammation of bursa due to blow or friction
- treat with rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory drugs
3 Stabilizing Factors at synovial Joints
- Shapes of articular surfaces (#3)
- Ligament number and location (#2)
- Muscle tendons that cross joint (#1)
- all diarhtrotic
Muscle tone
keep tendons taut
Common Joint Injuries
- Cartilage tears
- Sprains
- Arthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Gouty Arthritis
Cartilage tears
- due to compression and shear tears
- avascular: cartilage rarely repairs itself
- treated by arthroscopic surgery: ligaments repaired and cartilage fragments removed
Sprains
- reinforces ligaments stretched or torn
- poor vascularization: slowly repair/heal
- 3 treatments if torn completely:
- ends sewn together
- replaced with grafts
- time and immobilization
Arthritis
- # 1 Joint homeostatic imbalance
- symptoms include: pain, stiffness, and swelling
- acute forms are due to bacteria and treated with Abx
- chronic forms include OA, RA, and GA
Osteoarthritis (OA)
- wear and tear
- more cartilage is destroyed (break done of articular cartilage) the replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints
- process: bone on bone to inflammatory response to enlarged joints to bone spurs which restrict movement
- treatment: moderate activity, mild pain relievers, and capsaicin cream
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
-chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease (attacks its own cells)
- joint pain, swelling, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems
- process: synovitis to inflammatory blood cells migrating to joint releasing inflammatory chemicals destroying the tissues to accumulation of synovial fluid to swelling
Gouty Arthritis (GA)
- Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues followed by inflammation
- Affects joints at base of great toe
- untreated GA bone ends fuse and immobilize joint
- Treatment: drugs, hydration, alcohol avoidance
