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Anatomy& Physiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation

A

site where two or more bones meet

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2
Q

Joint Function

A
  • give skeleton mobility
  • hold skeleton together
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3
Q

Classifications of Joints:

A
  1. Structural
  2. Functional
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4
Q

Functional Classifications:

A
  1. Synarthroses
  2. Amphiarthroses
  3. Diarthroses
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5
Q

Synarthroses

A

immovable joint

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6
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slightly movable joints

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7
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely movable joints

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8
Q

Structural Classifications:

A
  1. Fibrous joints
  2. Cartliginous joints
  3. Synovial joints
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9
Q

Fibrous joints

A

bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue

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10
Q

Most synarthrotic joint?

A

Fibrous joint

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11
Q

Types of Fibrous Joints

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesomoses
  3. Gomphoses
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12
Q

Sutures description/location/fact

A
  • joints interlocked by fibers
  • found in the skull
  • in middle age sutures and ossify and fuse AKA synostoses
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13
Q

Syndesmoses description/location/fact

A
  • joints held together by a ligament
  • ligament that connects the fibula/tibia or radius/ulna
    *little to no movement at tibiofibular and movement at radius and ulna connection
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14
Q

Gomphoses description/location

A
  • peg in socket fibrous joint
  • peridontal ligament
    *only in the teeth
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15
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A
  • bones united by cartilage
  • no joint cavity
  • synarthrotic
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16
Q

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • Synchondroses
  • Symphyses
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17
Q

Synchondroses

A
  • hyaline cartilage unites (joints)
  • synarthrotic
  • ribs attached to sternum (manubrium)/ epiphyseal plate
18
Q

Symphyeses

A
  • fibrocartilage unite (joints)
  • amphiarthrotic
  • pubic symphysis/ intervertebral discs
19
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • separate bones by fluid-filled joint cavity
  • diarthrotic
  • limb joints
20
Q

6 shapes of Synvoial Joints

A
  1. plane
  2. hinge
  3. pivot
  4. condylar
  5. saddle
  6. ball and socket joints
21
Q

6 Distinguishing Factors of Synovial Joints

A
  1. Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage
  2. Joint cavity: synovial
  3. Articular capsule: joint
  4. Synovial fluid
  5. Different reinforcing ligaments
  6. Nerve and blood vessels
22
Q

Articular cartilage

A

prevents crushing bone ends

23
Q

Joint cavity

A

small fluid-filled potential space

24
Q

Articular capsule

A
  • fibrous layer (external)
  • synovial membrane (internal)- produces synvoal fluid
25
Q

Synovial fluid

A

-slippery and viscous due to hyaluronic acid
- lubricates/nourishes articular cartilage
- contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris

26
Q

Different Reinforcing Ligaments

A
  • contains capsular: thicker part of fibrous layer
    • extracapsular: outside of the capsule
    • intracapsular: inside of the capsule
27
Q

Nerves and Blood vessels

A
  • innervated and vascular: detect pain and monitor joint position
28
Q

Other Factors of Distinguishing of Synovial Joints
not present in all joints

A
  • Fatty pads
  • articular discs
  • bursae
  • tendon sheaths
29
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances in Joints

A
  • Tendonitis
  • Bursitis
30
Q

Tendonitis

A
  • inflammation of tendon sheaths due to overuse
  • treat with rest, ice, and antiinflammatory drugs
31
Q

Bursitis

A
  • inflammation of bursa due to blow or friction
  • treat with rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory drugs
32
Q

3 Stabilizing Factors at synovial Joints

A
  1. Shapes of articular surfaces (#3)
  2. Ligament number and location (#2)
  3. Muscle tendons that cross joint (#1)
    - all diarhtrotic
33
Q

Muscle tone

A

keep tendons taut

34
Q

Common Joint Injuries

A
  1. Cartilage tears
  2. Sprains
  3. Arthritis
  4. Osteoarthritis
  5. Rheumatoid Arthritis
  6. Gouty Arthritis
35
Q

Cartilage tears

A
  • due to compression and shear tears
  • avascular: cartilage rarely repairs itself
  • treated by arthroscopic surgery: ligaments repaired and cartilage fragments removed
36
Q

Sprains

A
  • reinforces ligaments stretched or torn
  • poor vascularization: slowly repair/heal
  • 3 treatments if torn completely:
    - ends sewn together
    - replaced with grafts
    - time and immobilization
37
Q

Arthritis

A
  • # 1 Joint homeostatic imbalance
  • symptoms include: pain, stiffness, and swelling
  • acute forms are due to bacteria and treated with Abx
  • chronic forms include OA, RA, and GA
38
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A
  • wear and tear
  • more cartilage is destroyed (break done of articular cartilage) the replaced in badly aligned or overworked joints
  • process: bone on bone to inflammatory response to enlarged joints to bone spurs which restrict movement
  • treatment: moderate activity, mild pain relievers, and capsaicin cream
39
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

-chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease (attacks its own cells)
- joint pain, swelling, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems
- process: synovitis to inflammatory blood cells migrating to joint releasing inflammatory chemicals destroying the tissues to accumulation of synovial fluid to swelling

40
Q

Gouty Arthritis (GA)

A
  • Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues followed by inflammation
  • Affects joints at base of great toe
  • untreated GA bone ends fuse and immobilize joint
  • Treatment: drugs, hydration, alcohol avoidance

Anatomy& Physiology (18 decks)

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