Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Structure
Physiology
Function
Level of structural organization
Chemical level → cellular level → tissue level → organ level → organ system level → organism level
Integumentary system
Protects deep tissues ( e.g. Skin, oil / sweet gland, hair , nails)
Skeletal System
Protects/ supports body organs ( bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments)
Muscular system
Allows movement/ motion ( muscles/tendons)
Nervous system
Control system of the body ( brain, spine column, nerves )
Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining boundaries, movement , responsiveness , digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
Survival needs
Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis
Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in the face of a changing external conditions
When is the body in homeostasis?
When it’s needs are adequately met and functioning smoothly
3 components of homeostasis
- Receptor
- Control enter
- Effector
Homeostasis step 1
Stimulus- produces change
Homeostasis step 2.
Receptor- detects change
Homeostasis Step 3
Input- info sent along afferent pathway to control center
Homeostasis Step 4
Output- info sent along the efferent pathway to the effector
Homeostasis Step 5
Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of the stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level
negative feedback
reduces stimulus/stress
Regulation of blood glucose
negative feedback
Regulation of body temperature
negative feedback
positive feedback
increase stimulus/stress
Blood clotting is what type of feedback?
positive feedback
Pregnancy/childbirth is what type of feedback?
positive feedback
Fever/ immune response is what type of feedback?
Positive feedback
What is anatomical position?
- Body errect
- feet slightly apart
- palms facing forward
Superior
toward the head (cranial)
Inferior
away from the head (caudal)
ventral/ anterior
front of the body
dorsal/posterior
behind/towards the back of the body
medial
toward the midline
lateral
away from the midline of the body/ the sides
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part
distal
farther from the origin of the body part
superficial
at the body surface (external)
deep
more INTERNAL away from the body surface
frontal plane
anterior/posterior view of the body
transverse plane
horizontal division; top/bottom
Sagittal plane
left and right division of the body
dorsal cavity
cranial cavity and vertebrae cavity
Ventral cavity
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
quadrants on the right side
RUQ/ RLQ
quadrants on the left side
LLQ/LUQ
What organs are in the right hypochondriac region?
liver and gallbladder
What organs are in the right lumbar region?
ascending colon of large intestines
What organs are in the right iliac region?
cecum and appendix
What organs are in the epigastric region?
stomach
What organs are in the umbilical region?
Transverse colon of the large intestine and small intestine
What organs are in the hypogastric region?
Urinary bladder
What organs are in the left hypochondriac region?
Diaphragm
What organs are in the left lumbar region?
Descending colon of large intestine
What organs are in the left iliac region?
initial part of sigmoid colon
What membrane is in the ventral body cavity?
serous membrane
Oblique
diagonal cut
