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Anatomy& Physiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Bones are organs?

A

True

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2
Q

What tissues do bones contain?

A

-Bone Tissue
-Nervous Tissue
-Cartilage
-Fibrous connective tissue
- Muscle
- Epithelial cells in blood vessels

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3
Q

A skeleton is initially (blank) then replaced by (blank.)

A

Cartilage; bone

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4
Q

Perichondrium

A

contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery

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5
Q

What does all skeletal cartilage contain?

A

Chondrocytes and Extracellular matrix

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6
Q

What are the three types of skeletal cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
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7
Q

Hyaline cartilage function and location:

A
  • provides support, flexibility, and resilience
  • Articular (bones & joints) , Costal (breastbone), Respiratory (larynx), and Nasal Cartilage
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8
Q

Elastic cartilage function and location:

A
  • provides support, flexibility, and resilience
  • external ear and epiglottis
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9
Q

Fibrocartilage function and location:

A
  • great tensile strength
    -menisci of the knee; vertebral discs
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10
Q

Bones are divided into two groups.

A

1.Axial
2. Appendicular

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11
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

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12
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • Bones of upper and lower limbs
  • Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
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13
Q

Long bones: description and location

A

Longer than they are wide
Limbs, tarsals, carpals

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14
Q

Short bones: description and location

A

Cube shaped bones (wrist and ankle)
Sesamoid bones (patella)

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15
Q

Flat bones: description and location

A

Thin, flat, and slightly curved
Sternum, scapula, ribs, most skull bones

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16
Q

Irregular bones: description and location

A

Vertebrae, coxal bones

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17
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Mineral and growth factor storage
  5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in red marrow cavities of certain bones
  6. Triglyceride (fat) storage in bone cavities= energy source
  7. Hormone production
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18
Q

What are two types of bone textures?

A
  1. Compact
  2. spongy
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19
Q

Describe what a compact bone looks like.

A

smooth and solid, with a dense outer layer

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20
Q

Describe what a spongy bone looks like.

A

honeycomb structure

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21
Q

Diaphysis

A

tubular shaft; compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity

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22
Q

Epiphyses

A

bone ends; external compact bone and internal spongy bone

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23
Q

Periosteum

A

covers external surface; outer fibrous layer

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24
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

bone stem cells;

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25
Q

Five Major Cell Types of Bone Tissue

A
  1. Osteogenic cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Bone lining cells
  5. Osteoclasts
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26
Q

Osteogenic cells are also called: (blank.) What are they?

A

Ostoeprogenitor cells; active stem cells in the periosteum and endosteum; differentiate into osteoblasts

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27
Q

What are osteoblasts and what do they do?

A

Bone forming cells; secrete unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid); differentiate into osteocytes

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28
Q

What are osteocytes and what do they do?

A

Mature bone cells in lacunae; monitor and maintain bone matrix; communicate stimuli to osteoblast and osteoclast so bone remodeling can occur

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29
Q

What is the function of bone lining cells and where are they located?

A

Help maintain matrix; periosteal cell and endosteal cells

30
Q

What are osteoclasts and what do they do?

A

derive from stem cells that become macrophages; secrete digestive enzymes and hydrogen ions to breakdown tissue

31
Q

What is the structural unit of a compact bone?

A

osteon or Haversian system

32
Q

Three components of the compact bone:

A

Central (Haversian) canal
Perforating(Volkamann’s) canal
Lacunae

33
Q

What does the central canal contain?

A

blood vessels and nerve fibers

34
Q

What does the perforating canal contain? What does it connect?

A

endosteum; blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal

35
Q

What does the lacunae contain?

A

Osteocytes at lamelae junctions

36
Q

How does the spongy bone appear?

A

Poorly organized.

37
Q

What is the structural unit of the spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae

38
Q

Organic components of a bone include:

A

connective tissue (cells + extracellular matrix)
bone cells (mentioned previously)

39
Q

What do the organic components of a bone contribute to?

A

Structure and provision of tensile strength and flexibility

40
Q

Difference between organic and inorganic bone.

A

Organic bone: include living components and secretion
Inorganic bone: include minerals and release when necessary

41
Q

Inorganic components of bone include:

A

Hydroxyapatites

42
Q

What is hydroxyapatite consist of? What is the function?

A
  • 65% bone mass
  • calcium phosphate crystals
  • responsible for hardness and resistance to compression
43
Q

What is ossification?

A

Process of bone tissue formation

44
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A
  1. Endochondral
  2. Intramembranous
45
Q

What is endochondral ossification? What does it form?

A
  • bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
  • forms most of the skeleton; bony skeleton
46
Q

What is intramembranous ossification? What does it form?

A
  • bone develops from fibrous membrane
    -forms flat bones; clavicle and cranial bones
47
Q

5 steps involved in Endochondral ossification:

A
  1. Bone collar surrounds diaphysis of hyaline cartilage
  2. Cartilage in mid-diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities.
  3. Periosteal bud invades internal cavities and spongy bone forms.
  4. Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms.
    - Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphysis
  5. Ephysis ossify. Hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage
48
Q

4 steps involved in Intramembranous ossification:

A
  1. Ossification center appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
  2. Osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcified
  3. Woven bone and periosteum form.
  4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears.
49
Q

Interstitial Growth

A
  • increase in length of long bones
  • chondrocytes divide and form a new matrix; expansion of the cartilage tissue and replaced by the bone tissue.
50
Q

Appositional growth

A

increase in bone thickness

51
Q

When does the stop-in interstitial growth occur?

A
  • end of adolescence (chondrocytes divide less)
  • epiphyseal plate thins then replaced by bone
  • females usually stop at 18 y/o and males 21 y/o
52
Q

How long does appositional growth occur?

A

throughout life

53
Q

What is growth hormone?

A

stimulates epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood

54
Q

What is thyroid hormone?

A

ensures proper proportions and modulates activity of growth hormones

55
Q

How do testosterone and estrogen function? Which occurs in who?

A
  • promote adolescent growth spurts; ended by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
    -testosterone in males & estrogen in females
56
Q

Bone homeostasis:

A

bone remodeling and bone repair

57
Q

Approximately how often is spongy bone replaced?

A

Every 3-4 years

58
Q

Approximately how often is compact boe replaced

A

Every 10 years

59
Q

What happens to your bones as you get older?

A
  • bones become more brittle
  • fracture easily
  • calcium salts crystalize
60
Q

Bone Remodeling:

A
  • bone deposit and bone resorption
  • affected by calcium levels and mechanical stress
  • osteoblast and osteoclast are the units involved
61
Q

Importance of Calcium:

A
  • essential for the body to keep in a specific range
  • nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, secretion by glands and nerve cells; cell division
62
Q

Hormones involved in Control of Blood Calcium:

A
  1. PTH (parathyroid hormone)
  2. Calcitonin
63
Q

What is the function of PTH? Where does it come from?

A

-removes calcium from bone regardless of bone integrity
- produced by parathyroid glands

64
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin? Where does it come from?

A
  • reduces blood calcium levels
  • produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
65
Q

Stages of Bone Repair:

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodeling occurs
66
Q

Bone Homeostatic Imbalances:

A

Osteomalacia
Rickets
Osteoporosis

67
Q

What occurs in Osteomalacia?

A
  • Bones poorly mineralized
  • Calcium salts not adequate
  • Soft, weak bones
  • Pain upon bearing weight
68
Q

What occurs in Rickets?

A
  • bowed leg or bone deformities
  • bones ends enlarged or abnormally long
  • osteomalacia for children
  • Vit D deficiency or insufficient calcium
69
Q

Both osteomalacia and rickets are (blank) deficiencies?

A

calcium

70
Q

What occurs in Osteoporosis?

A
  • bone resorption outpaces deposit
  • associated with age
  • become porous and light
  • spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible

Anatomy& Physiology (18 decks)

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