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Anatomy& Physiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

1 The cell is the smallest structural and functional living unit
2. Organismal functions depend on individual cell functions and collective

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2
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Membrane composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane

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3
Q

Plasma membrane play a dynamic role in?

A

Cellular activity

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4
Q

What do the plasma membrane separate?

A

ICF from ECF

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5
Q

Cholesterol

A

A plasma membrane lipid that stiffens the membrane while increasing the membranes stability and fluidity

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6
Q

Phospholipids

A

Are a membrane lipid (75% of plasma membrane)
- phosphate head: polar and hydrophilic
- fatty acid tails: nonpolar and hydrophobic

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7
Q

Where are peripheral proteins located?

A

On either monolayer

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8
Q

Selective permeability

A

Allows passage of sure substances ; limits other

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9
Q

Glycolipids

A

A membrane lipid with polar sugar groups an outer membrane surface

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10
Q

There are plenty of ___ embedded in ___?

A

Proteins; membrane

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11
Q

Where are integral proteins located?

A

Within the membrane

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12
Q

What are the 7 examples of integral proteins?

A
  1. Channels
  2. Transporters
  3. Receptors
  4. Intracellular junctions
  5. Enzymes
  6. Cytoskeleton anchors
  7. Cell identity markers
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13
Q

What is selective permeability dependent on?

A

Molecular size
Lipid solubility
Charge

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14
Q

If substance cannot get through membrane, what does it go through?

A

Channels and transporters

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15
Q

3 membrane Junctions

A
  1. Tight Junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap Junctions
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16
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Impermeable junctions that encircle adjacent cells

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17
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Anchoring junctions between cells
- more flexible

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18
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Communicating junctions that allow substance to pass from one cell to another

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19
Q

Passive process

A
  • No cellular ATP
  • From high → law concentration gradient
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20
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Unassisted transport across a plasma membrane of a lipid soluble or very small particle.

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21
Q

Facilitated diffusion is a

A

Passive process

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22
Q

Osmosis is a

A

Passive process

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23
Q

Active process

A

Energy ATP required
- low to high concentration gradient

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24
Q

Where do active processes occur?

A

In living cell membranes

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25
Q

What factors affect diffusion?

A

-Increased temperature
- greater concentration
- larger surface area
- smaller particle sizes
-Time

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26
Q

How does passive transport flow?

A

Substances diffuse down the concentration gradient; no energy is required

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27
Q

Osmosis

A

Transport of water without energy

28
Q

What is an aquaporin?

A

Water moves from low → high solute concentration

29
Q

Tonicity

A

Example of osmosis

30
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Changes the shape of cells by altering their internal volume

31
Q

What is a isotonic solution?

A

Solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cells.

32
Q

How much saline solution is isotonic to human plasma

A

0.9%

33
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solution with higher [ solute] than inside the cells

34
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Solution with lower[ solute] than inside cells

35
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transports out of cell

36
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transports into cell

37
Q

Transcytosis

A

Transports into, across, and out of cell

38
Q

Substance (vesicular) trafficking

A

Transport from one organelle in a cell to another

39
Q

Membranous bound cytoplasmic organelles

A
  • Mitochondria
  • Peroxisomes
  • lysosomes
  • ER
  • Golgi apparatus
40
Q

Nonmembranous band cytoplasmic organelles

A
  • Cytosteleten
  • centrioles
    -Ribosomes
41
Q

Mitochondria

A

Provides most of cells ATP

42
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

43
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesis of steroid based hormones
-No ribosomes

44
Q

Rough ER

A

Manufactures all secreted proteins

45
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies, concentrate, and packages proteins and lipids

46
Q

Lysosomes

A

Sorts, recycles, gets rid of, and break down wastes,

47
Q

Nucleus

A

Cell’s control center; houses DNA; all human cells have nucleus

48
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane outside the cell

49
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome assembly in the cell

50
Q

What phases are in the cell cycle

A

Interphase and cell division(mitosis)

51
Q

What are the 3 subphases of interphase?

A

G1,S, G2

52
Q

What is interphase?

A

Cell formation → to cell division

53
Q

What happens in the G1 (gap)phase?

A

Vigorous growth and metabolism

54
Q

What happens in the S (synthetic) phase?

A

DNA replication

55
Q

What happens in the g2 (gap2) phase?

A

Preparation for mitosis

56
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
    4 telophase
57
Q

What are the mitotic phase events?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

58
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division a cytoplasm by cleavage furrow

59
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosome is visible → mitotic spindle form between centrosomes as a result of them growing away from each other → nuclear envelope breaks down → as a result, microtubules attach to chromosomes

60
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosome line up at the equator

61
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes split simultaneously → then are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

62
Q

Telophase

A

2 sets of chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin → nuclear membrane forms around chromatin → nucleus reappears

63
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm; actin microfilaments form a cleavage→ two daughter cells are pinched apart that each have a nucleus

64
Q

DNA → RNA → Protein

A

Central Dogma of Biology

65
Q

What is a gene?

A

Segment of DNA with blueprint for one polypeptide

66
Q

Transcription

A

DNA → mRNA; occlus in nucleus

67
Q

Translation

A

Nuclei acids → proteins ; occurs in ribosomes

Anatomy& Physiology (18 decks)

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