Imaging and biopsy of cancer Flashcards
What is the first line diagnosis of bowel cancer?
A colonoscopy
If that can’t be done, do a CT colonoscopy or an abdominal ultrasound
Why is staging of tumours important?
For treatment and prognosis decisions
What is the Duke staging?
It looks at overall staging
Now replaced by TNM staging
How is distant tumour staging done?
Through a CT scan
What is a PET scan?
It shows where there is increased glucose synthesis
It’s used to identify tumours
When is CT guided biopsy used instead of ultrasound guided?
When the ultrasound wouldn’t work
Eg. Lungs because they are full of air
What are the different types of tumour embolisation technique?
TACE
-Trans-selective chemoembolisation
SIRT
-Selective internal radiotherapy
Particle embolisation
What are the hallmarks of cancer?
-Evading growth suppressors
-Activating invasion and metastasis
-Enable replicative immortality
-Inducing angiogenesis
-Resisting cell death
-Sustaining proliferative signalling
-Avoidance of immune destruction
-Instability of mutation
What are some syndromes associated with colorectal cancer?
Familial adenomatosis polyposis coli (FAP)
-Loss of regulation of cell growth and division
Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)
-Inherited mutation in mismatch repair so mutations aren’t identified by the body and so they
How does metastasis occur?
- Proliferation
- Detachment and invasion
- Angiogenesis
- Embolism and circulation
- Adherence and extraversion
- Proliferation and angiogenesis
