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Infectious Disease > ID FINAL REVIEW > Flashcards

ID FINAL REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Which anti-retroviral should not be used in the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

Efavirenz

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2
Q

What are the AE reactions of azoles?

A

Rash, N/V, Diarrhea, and transient elevation in hepatic enzymes

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3
Q

True or False?Flucytosine is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the gastrointestinal tract due to bacteria conversion.

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Flucytosine AE?

A
  1. Bone marrow suppression (concentration dependent)2. N/V/D (dose related)3. Hepatotoxicity
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5
Q

Tenofovir AE?

A
  1. Nephrotoxicity2. Bone mineral density changes
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6
Q

Protease inhibitors used for HCV, AE?

A
  1. General stuff2. Skin photosensitivity + rash
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7
Q

____, is the oral, enhanced bioavailable and less frequently dosed prodrug of acyclovir.

A

Valacyclovir

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8
Q

Sofosobuvir MOA and what is it used against?

A

Nucleoside polymerase inhibitorHCV

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9
Q

Penicillin AB against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

ZosynTicarcillin/clav

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10
Q

This antiviral is administered with probenecid to reduce the tubular secretion rate thus reducing the risk for renal toxicity:

A

Cidofovir

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11
Q

Which standard IFN treats HCV?

A

IFN a2a or IFN a2b

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12
Q

K103N mutation is associated w/ what RX?

A

NNRTIs

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13
Q

Which treatment of HBV can develop resistance as a result of prolonged treatment?

A

Lamivudine + Telbivudine

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14
Q

Which ‘-azole’ antifungal is associated with high rates of gastrointestinal adverse events?

A

Itraconazole

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15
Q

For HCV, what class does Elbasvir belong to?

A

NS5A inhibitor

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16
Q

Azoles bind to ______ which inhibits the production of ergosterol

A

lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase

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17
Q

Which of the following is NOT active against MRSA?a. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazoleb. Piperacillin/Tazobactamc. Vancomycind. Daptomycin

A

b. Piperacillin/Tazobactam

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18
Q

Which class has AE of mitochondrial toxicity?

A

NRTIs

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19
Q

What class of antifungals inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Flucytosine

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20
Q

______ is used for HIV but at a higher dose than is used for Hep B.

A

Lamivudine

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21
Q

Which class has AE of lipatrophy?

A

NRTIs

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22
Q
  1. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa is a gram negative, aerobic bacilli that is also glucose non-fermentinga. Trueb. False
A

a. True

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23
Q

What drugs are made up in the NS5A inhibitor class used against HCV?

A

End w/ “svir”

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24
Q

Which RX accumulates in bone matrix and causes hypocalcemia?

A

Foscarnet

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25
Q
  1. Which of the following is not a beta-lactam? a. Amoxicillinb. Cephalexinc. Aminoglycosided. Doripenem
A

c. Aminoglycoside

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26
Q

True or False?Amphotericin B should not be administered within the same Y-site iv as solutions providing electrolytes such as potassium, magnesium and calcium.

A

TRUE

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27
Q

How could you treat acyclovir’s AE?

A

Renal failure - hydration and slowing infusion rateNeurologic toxicity - nothing, usually in pt w/ renal failure

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28
Q

Adequate hydration along with slow infusion rates reduces the renal tubule precipitation of what antiviral?

A

Acyclovir

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29
Q

______, is used as an HSV antiviral when the virus has developed resistance to the drugs of choice.A. acyclovirB. ganciclovirC. cidofovirD. foscarnetE. penciclovir

A

D. foscarnet

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30
Q

Name 1 of 3 echinocandins

A

Caspofungin (Cancidas®)Anidulafungin (Eraxis®)Micafungin (Mycamine®)

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31
Q

What are the main treatments for HBV?

A

IFN (standard or pegylated)

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32
Q

________ mechanism of action actually involves 3 steps in the Hep B life cycle, making it unique among the Hep B oral agents.

A

Entecavir

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33
Q

Protease inhibitor short-term AE?

A
  1. GI problems2. Hyperbilirubinemia (atazanavir + indanavir)3. Bleeding risk4. Hepatoxicity
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34
Q

______, when occurring in neonates, requires high-dose acyclovir therapy as the infection in this population can result in death.A. Herpes simplex virus 1 or 2 (HSV)B. Varicella zoster virus (VZV)C. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)D. Hepatitis B (HepB)E. Hepatitis C (HepC)

A

A. Herpes simplex virus 1 or 2 (HSV)

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35
Q

_______ is an antiretroviral used exclusively for Hep B and can cause renal and bone toxicities

A

Adefovir dipivoxil

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36
Q

_________ is/are the class(es) of antiretroviral that is considered the most effective (has the greatest impact on the amount of mature virus being produced by an infected cell).A. Protease inhibitorB. Fusion inhibitor / Attachment inhibitorC. Attachment inhibitorD. Non-nucleoside / Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorE. Integrase inhibitor

A

A. Protease inhibitor

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37
Q

Which pegylated IFN treats both HBV and HCV?

A

pegIFN a2a

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38
Q
  1. Which of the following works via inhibition of DNA Gyrase? a. Penicillins b. Aminoglycosidesc. Fluoroquinolonesd. Sulfonamides
A

c. Fluoroquinolones

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39
Q

Up to 40% of patients receiving this antiviral for CMV can experience N/V/D?

A

Ganciclovir or valganciclovir

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40
Q

How could you help treat infusion toxicity of Amphotericin B?

A

Common at the beginning of treatment, usually subsides w/ subsequent dosesCould use low dose corticosteroids or Meperidine (caution w/ renal dysfunction though)

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41
Q

_________ is an anti-hepatitis antiviral that works by inhibiting various steps within hepatitis B and C life cycle including translation, transcription, protein processing and maturation, impact major histocompatibility complex, can mediate tissue damage, must be dosed subcutaneously, is combined with polyethylene glycol to allow for extended dosing interval, and a side effect profile including depression, influenza-like illness, and psychiatric symptoms.A. AdefovirB. EntecavirC. TenofovirD. PEG-interferon (alpha-2a or alpha-2b)E. Ribavirin

A

D. PEG-interferon (alpha-2a or alpha-2b)

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42
Q

What class of antifungals inhibit ergosterol resulting in a hydrophilic pore and may also bind to human cholesterol?

A

Polyenes

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43
Q
  1. The microbiologic test that distinguishes between staphylococcus and streptococcus is a. Coagulaseb. Catalasec. Oxygenation d. Glucose fermenting
A

b. Catalase

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44
Q

Targets: Cell wall; inhibits glucan synthesisFlucytosineEchinocandinsAzolesPolyenes

A

Echinocandins

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45
Q

Which drug is considered to be a perfect antiviral drug because it is specific and nontoxic?

A

Acyclovir

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46
Q

NS5A inhibitor MOA?

A

Binds to N terminus within domain 1 to inhibit replication + assembly

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47
Q

_________ is/are the class(es) of antiretrovirals which has a mechanism of action that occurs prior to the virus entering the cell.A. Protease inhibitorB. Fusion inhibitor / Attachment inhibitorC. Attachment inhibitorD. Non-nucleoside / Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorE. Integrase inhibitor

A

B. Fusion inhibitor / Attachment inhibitor

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48
Q

What are some specific AE of itraconazole?

A

Taste disturbance, osmotic diarrhea, increased LFTs

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49
Q

Which RX has a chance of cardiovascular toxicity?

A

Abacavir

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50
Q

What are some specific AE of fluconazole?

A

Alopecia (reversible) and QT prolongation

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51
Q

“fungin” belongs to this class:FlucytosineEchinocandinsAzolesPolyenes

A

Echinocandins

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52
Q

Which RX are flucytosine?

A

It is its own class lol

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53
Q

Fosamprenavir AE?

A

Rash + oral paresthesias

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54
Q

Maraviroc AE?

A
  1. General stuff (rash, cough)2. Upper respiratory infections3. Hepatotoxicity
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55
Q

What is the first line therapy for chronic HBV?

A

Entecavir + Tenofovir

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56
Q

_________ is/are the class(es) of antiretrovirals which has/have a mechanism of action that occurs after the host cell has begun making copies of the virus.A. Protease inhibitorB. Fusion inhibitor / Attachment inhibitorC. Attachment inhibitorD. Non-nucleoside / Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorE. Integrase inhibitor

A

A. Protease inhibitor

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57
Q

What are the main drugs used in treating HCV?

A
  1. Ribavirin2. Interferon-alpha (no longer used)3. Protease inhibitors4. NS5B inhibitors5. NS5A inhibitors
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58
Q

What are some specific AE of posaconazole?

A

General N/V/D, pretty safe and well-tolerated

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59
Q

__________ is pregnancy category X and 2 forms of birth control are to be used when this medication is being taken by a woman of child-bearing potential.

A

Ribavirn

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60
Q

Provide the chemical reaction responsible for activating valganciclovir to ganciclovir

A

Deacetylation

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61
Q

Gram-negative, bacilli, anaerobic

A

Bacteroides

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62
Q

What is Hepatitis B susceptible to?

A

Bile acid lysis

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63
Q

For HCV, what class does Velpatasvir belong to?

A

NS5A inhibitor

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64
Q

________ mechanism of action is that it inhibits RNA polymerase activity and inhibits the initiation and elongation of RNA fragments resulting in inhibition of viral protein synthesis

A

Ribavirin

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65
Q

Which RX are azoles?

A

The ones that end w/ “conAZOLE”EX: Fluconazole

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66
Q
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram positive cocci that is an aerobic catalase negative and coagulase positivea. True b. False
A

b. False

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67
Q

Ribavirin MOA and what is it used against?

A

Inhibits RNA polymerase + inhibits initiation/elongation of RNA fragmentsFor HCV

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68
Q

In a person who is chronically infected with Hep B, what are the results of the HBV laboratory tests?

A

Only HBsAg + Anti-HBc = positive

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69
Q

Flucytosine targets what?Nucleic acid synthesisInhibits glucan synthesis (cell wall)Inhibits ergosterol synthesis (cell membrane)Direct membrane damage

A

Nucleic acid synthesis

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70
Q

_______, is the CMV viral enzyme that performs the initial phosphorylation of ganciclovir.

A

CMV UL97 kinaseUL97 kinaseUL97 kinase phosphotransferase |

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71
Q

What is the MOA of Adefovir Dipivoxil?

A

Inhibits DNA polymerase

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72
Q

Rivavirin AE?

A
  1. Hemolytic anemia2. CNS effects3. GI effects4. Dermatologic effects5. Neuromuscular effects
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73
Q
  1. Bacteroides fragilis is an anaerobic gram-negative bacillusa. Trueb. False
A

a. True

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74
Q

AB classes against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

PenicillinCephalosprinCarbapenemMonobactamAminoglycosidesFluoroquinolonesPolymixinPhosphonic acid

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75
Q

For HCV, what class does Paritaprevir belong to?

A

Protease inhibitor

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76
Q

Which RXs are binding/fusion inhibitors?

A
  1. Maraviroc2. Enfuvirtide3. Ibalizumab
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77
Q

Ampicillin susceptible and vancomycin susceptibleWhich AB do you choose?

A

1st line = penicillin2nd line = carbapenems

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78
Q

Which class of antifungals has the mechanism of action of inhibition of ß-(1,3) D-glucan synthase?

A

Echinocandins

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79
Q

Ampicillin resistant and vancomycin susceptibleWhich AB do you choose?

A

Vancomycin

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80
Q

_______ is the antiretroviral that blocks gp120 binding to the chemokine co-receptor, CCR5.

A

Maraviroc

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81
Q

Which class has a black box warning of lactic acidosis syndrome?

A

NRTIs

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82
Q

NRTIs AE?

A
  1. Mitochondrial toxicity2. Peripheral neuropathy3. Pancreatitis4. Lipoatrophy5. Black box = lactic acidosis syndrome
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83
Q

Amphotericin B + Nystatin belong to this class:FlucytosineEchinocandinsAzolesPolyenes

A

Polyenes

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84
Q

Interferon alpha MOA?

A

Naturally producing cytokine that has antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects

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85
Q

Protease inhibitor long-term AE?

A
  1. Hyperlipidemia2. Lipodystrophy3. Insulin resistance4. Hypertension5. Diabetes?
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86
Q

Gram-negative, bacilli, aerobic, glucose fermentingP. aeruginosa or E. coli

A

E. coli

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87
Q

Tenofovir is distinct because it has a _______ in the parent molecule?

A

Phosphate

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88
Q

_____ is the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that has an adverse event described as anemia related to accumulation of the monophosphate derivative.

A

ZidovudineRetrovir

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89
Q

For HCV, what class does Simeprevir belong to?

A

Protease inhibitor

90
Q

Interferon alpha AE?

A
  1. Flu-like symptoms2. Neuropsychiatric events3. Risk for infection4. Increased liver enzymes5. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
91
Q

_________ is/are the class(es) of antiretrovirals that work at the point in the viral life cycle where the virus is converting viral RNA into viral DNA.A. Protease inhibitorB. Fusion inhibitor / Attachment inhibitorC. Attachment inhibitorD. Non-nucleoside / Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorE. Integrase inhibitor

A

D. Non-nucleoside / Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

92
Q

NNRTIs AE?

A
  1. Stevens-Johnson syndrome2. Hepatoxicity (more severe in nevirapine)3. Elevated liver enzymes (more severe in nevirapine)
93
Q

Saquinavir AE?

A

PR and QTc prolongation

94
Q

Name 1 of 5 agents that work via inhibition of Hep C RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5A:

A

Daclatasvir Ledipasvir Ombitasvir Elbasvir Velpatasvir

95
Q

The three sites of action for current, preferred anti-Hep C agents are:

A

Protease inhibitorsNS5B and A inhibitors

96
Q

NS5A AE?

97
Q

When should NRTI treatment be suspended?

A

When you see rising aminotransferase levels, hepatomegaly, or unknown cause of metabolic acidosis

98
Q

What is the MOA of Lamivudine?

A

Inhibits DNA polymerase

99
Q

Nucleotide triphosphate form of RX inhibits viral __________

A

DNA polymerase

100
Q

For HCV, what class does Ledipasvir belong to?

A

NS5A inhibitor

101
Q

Polymixin AB against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

102
Q

Which standard IFN treats HBV?

103
Q

Targets: Cell membrane; inhibits ergosterol syntheisisFlucytosineEchinocandinsAzolesPolyenes

104
Q

Carbapenem AB against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Imipenem/cilMeropenemMeropenem/vaborbactamDoripenem

105
Q

Which RX binds to gp41 on virus and prevents fusion w/ host cell membrane?

A

Enfuvirtide

106
Q

Which RX has a black box warning of fatal hepatitis and intracranial hemorrhage?

A

Tipranavir

107
Q

What drugs are made up in protease inhibitors that are used against HCV?

A

End w/ “previr”1. Grazoprevir2. Paritaprevir3. Simeprevir

108
Q

Virus kinases causes what?

A

Mono-phosphorylation

109
Q

_________ is an anti-hepatitis antiviral that works by inhibiting HBV-polymerase via chain termination, as well as anti-HIV activity (inhibits HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase), has few/no drug interactions, can be administered once daily with or without food, and has a benign adverse effect profile. A. LamivudineB. EntecavirC. AdefovirD. PEG-interferon (alpha-2a or alpha-2b)E. Ribavirin

A

A. Lamivudine

110
Q

Targets: Direct membrane damageFlucytosineEchinocandinsAzolesPolyenes

111
Q

Which RX is used against CMV retinitis?

112
Q

AE of Echinocandin?

A
  1. Infusion related (most common)2. Elevation of serum transaminasesOverall, this class is well-tolerated
113
Q

Emtricitabine unique AE?

A

Pigmentation of soles/palms

114
Q

Telbivudine is a(n) _______ analogue with potent anti-HBV activity

A

L-nucleoside

115
Q

Azoles MOA?

A

Inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis and cell membrane formation

116
Q

Dasabuvir MOA and what is it used against?

A

Non-nuclodside polymerase inhibitorHCV

117
Q

_______ is the HSV/VZV viral enzyme that performs the initial phosphorylation of acyclovir or penciclovir.

A

Thymidine kinase

118
Q

Cytosine deaminase is responsible for activation of what antifungal?

A

Flucytosine

119
Q

Ganciclovir AE?

A
  1. Bone marrow suppression2. Hematologic/renal toxicity (warning to those taking immunosuppressive drugs)3. GI effects
120
Q

_________ is an antiviral, that does not require conversion to active form (either using viral or host enzymes), inhibits HSV, VZV and CMV DNA polymerase, can be used to treat resistant HSV and VZV, can accumulate in bone matrix and chelates calcium and magnesium resulting in hypocalcemia.A. AcyclovirB. GanciclovirC. CidofovirD. FoscarnetE. Oseltamivir

A

D. Foscarnet

121
Q

Enfuvirtide AE?

A
  1. Inj. site reactions (forms nodules + thick+2. Hypersensitivity3. Increase % of bacterial pneumonia
122
Q

______, is described in the slides as a nearly perfect antiviral drug in that it is specific to its target (HSV). It also has poor activity against CMV. It is a guanine derivative that undergoes initial phosphorylation by the virus and then is subsequently dephosphorylated by the host cell enzyme.A. acyclovirB. ganciclovirC. cidofovirD. foscarnetE. penciclovir

A

A. acyclovir

123
Q

Hemolytic anemia is associated with this Hep C antiretroviral that is typically administered orally.

124
Q

What is the black box warning of Tipranavir?

A

Fatal hepatitis and intracranial hemorrhage

125
Q

Which pegylated IFN treats HBV?

A

pegIFN a2a

126
Q

Which other RX are a step-down way against MRSA?

A

TMP/SMX (90%)Doxycycline (90%)Clindamycin (60%)

127
Q

Enfuvirtide MOA?

A

Binds to gp41 on virus and prevents fusion w/ host cell membrane

128
Q

_____ is the integrase inhibitor (INSTI) that is only available at a fixed dose combination with cobicistat

A

Elvitegravir

129
Q

Which RX are sulfonamides and pts w/ sulfonamides should be treated w/ caution using this RX?

A

DarunavirTipranavirFosamprenavir

130
Q

Which anti-retroviral can cause PR or QTc prolongation? What is generally recommended prior and after starting this RX?

A

SaquinavirEKG

131
Q

Fluroquinolone AB against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

CiproLevofloxacinDelafloxacin

132
Q

Aminoglycoside AB against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

GentamicinTobraymycinAmikacin

133
Q

Which RX are echinocandins?

A

The ones that end w/ “fungin”EX: Micafungin

134
Q

For HCV, what class does Ombitasvir belong to?

A

NS5A inhibitor

135
Q

Indinavir AE?

A

Kidney stones

136
Q

A 4-gram cumulative dose of the deoxycholate formulation of amphotericin is set due to the likelihood for irreversible __________ toxicity.

137
Q

Acyclovir AE?

A
  1. Precipitation of drug (causing acute renal failure)2. Neurologic toxicity
138
Q

This antiviral is cleared via both glomerular filtration but also glomerular filtration and can cause renal toxicity as well as being directly toxic to mucocutaneous tissue at the site of elimination.

139
Q

Which standard IFN treats both HBV and HCV?

140
Q

Maraviroc MOA?

A

CCR5 inhibitor; binds to CCR5 co-receptor on host cell and prevents HIV from binding

141
Q

Which RX are actively against MRSA (100%)?

A

Vancomycin, telavancin, oritavancin, dalbavancinLinezolid, tedizolidDaptomycinTigecyclineCeftarolineDelafloxacin

142
Q

Echinocandin MOA?

A

Cyclic lipopeptide AB that interferes w/ fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibit glucan

143
Q

Which pegylated IFN treats HCV?

A

pegIFN a2a or pegIFN a2b

144
Q

For HCV, what class does Sofosobuvir belong to?

A

NS5B inhibitor

145
Q

AE of Amphotericin B?

A
  1. Infusion Toxicity2. Nephrotoxicity3. Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia
146
Q

_______ is the antiretroviral that has an adverse event described as subcutaneous nodules secondary to injection site inflammatory response.

A

Enfuvitide

147
Q

Adefovir Dipivoxil is a nucleoside analog converted to __________ intracellularly

A

diphosphate

148
Q

Which RX are polyenes?

A

Amphotericin B + Nystatin

149
Q

What RXs inhibit viral DNA polymerase?

A

VidarabineAcyclovirGanciclovirFoscarnet

150
Q

Cidofovir MOA?

A

Cell kinase converts to nucleotides via NON-viral mediated phosphorylation

151
Q

What is the only antiviral that is good against CMV?

A

Ganciclovir

152
Q

Which RX causes a rash + oral paresthesias?

A

Fosamprenavir

153
Q

How could you help treat nephrotoxicity of Amphotericin B?

A

Reversible unless their cumulative dose is over 4g

154
Q

HLA-B*5701 genotype is associated w/ what RX?

155
Q

Which RXs are protease inhibitors for HIV?

A

End w/ “navir”EX: Atazanavir

156
Q

Provide the enzyme that is responsible for activating valganciclovir to ganciclovir

A

Aldehyde oxidase

157
Q

Famciclovir is a prodrug to what?

A

Penciclovir

158
Q

What class of antifungals bind to lanosterol 14a-demethylase inhibiting the production of ergosterol?

159
Q

Gram-negative, bacilli, aerobic, glucose non-fermentingP. aeruginosa or E. coli

A

P. aeruginosa

160
Q

Nucleoside anti-viral RXs must be transformed to ________ for activity

A

Nucleotide triphosphates

161
Q

Protease inhibitors used for HCV, MOA?

A

Binds to HCV protease to inhibit viral replication

162
Q

Name 1 of 3 agents that inhibit Hep C replication via binding to the hepatitis C protease enzyme:

A

GrazoprevirParitaprevirSimeprevir

163
Q

_________ is an anti-hepatitis antiviral that works by inhibiting multiple steps within HBV-polymerase activity, has no effect on HIV life cycle, must be dosed orally and with food, but has a similar side-effect profile compared to lamivudine.A. AdefovirB. EntecavirC. TenofovirD. PEG-interferon (alpha-2a or alpha-2b)E. Ribavirin

A

B. Entecavir

164
Q

_________ is an antiviral, that is converted to its active form by host nucleotide triphosphates (not mediated by viral enzyme), inhibits CMV DNA polymerase, is nephrotoxic, is co-administered with probenicid to lessen toxicity (as probenicid decreases rate of tubular excretion) and extend the dosing interval and is primarily used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections.A. AcyclovirB. GanciclovirC. CidofovirD. FoscarnetE. Oseltamivir

A

C. Cidofovir

165
Q

Which RX has an AE that causes nephrotoxicity and bone mineral density changes?

166
Q

Which RX inhibits lamivudine resistant HBV?

A

Adefovir Dipivoxil, Entecavir, or Telbivudine

167
Q

Reduction of N/V/D of 5-FC (flucytosine) can be accomplished by ______

A

Reducing the rate of administration

168
Q

Which RXs are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)?

A
  1. End w/ “vudine”2. Tenofavir (disoproxil/alafenamide)3. Emtricitabine4. Abacavir
169
Q

Which anti-retroviral can cause kidney stones?

170
Q

Which RX has an AE that causes:1. Inj. site reactions2. Hypersensitivity3. Increase % of bacterial pneumonia

A

Enfuvirtide

171
Q

MOA of Amphotericin B?

A

Binds to ergosterol + forms a channelsCauses loss of ions and small moleculespH lowers

172
Q

_______ works as a host cytokine and has antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects. It is used for Hep B, Hep C and has been tried in numerous other viral conditions when no known therapeutic agent is known to work.

A

Interferon alpha 2 b (a is for Hep B)

173
Q

Flucytosine MOA?

A

Enters cell via cytosine permease and changes to 5-FUImpairs fungal DNA synthesis

174
Q

Ampicillin resistant and vancomycin resistantWhich AB do you choose?

A

OrtivacinLinezolid, tedizolidDaptomycinTigecycline

175
Q

Which RX is an CCR5 inhibitor?

176
Q

What are some warnings associated w/ Adevovir Dipivoxil?

A
  1. Nephrotoxicity2. Increase of serum creatinine
177
Q

Cephalosporin AB against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

CeftazidimeCefepimeCeftolozane/tazCefazidime/avibactam

178
Q

What class of antifungals inhibit glucan synthesis?

A

Echinocandins

179
Q

Gram-negative, coccobacilli

A

Haemophilus

180
Q

Monobactam AB against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

181
Q

NRTI MOA?

A

Has to be tri-phosphorylated by host1. Thymidine kinase2. Thymidylate kinase (Rate-limiting)3. Pyrimidine ND kinaseBinds/inhibits reverse transcriptase enzyme

182
Q

Which RX is used against acyclovir-resistant HSV and VZV infections?

183
Q

Polyenes target what?Nucleic acid synthesisInhibits glucan synthesis (cell wall)Inhibits ergosterol synthesis (cell membrane)Direct membrane damage

A

Direct membrane damage

184
Q

Which RX is used to boost bioavailiability and pharmacokinetics of protease inhibitors?

185
Q

Echinocandins target what?Nucleic acid synthesisInhibits glucan synthesis (cell wall)Inhibits ergosterol synthesis (cell membrane)Direct membrane damage

A

Inhibits glucan synthesis (cell wall)

186
Q

Which RXs are non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)?

A
  1. End w/ “virine” (3)2. End w/ “virenz” (1)3. End w/ “virapine” (1)
187
Q

What is the MOA of Entecavir?

A

Inhibits HBV by:1. Prime DNA polymerase2. Reverse transcriptase3. DNA synthesis

188
Q

Echinocandin inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting __________ synthase

A

beta(1,3) D-glucan

189
Q

What are some specific AE of isavuconazole?

A

Hypokalemia

190
Q

Which class of anti-retrovirals has some sulfonamides in them?

A

Protease inhibitors specifically:DarunavirTipranavirFosamprenavir

191
Q

Which RX is superior to adefovir?

192
Q
  1. Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive cocci that is an aerobic catalase-positive and coagulase negative.a. Trueb. False
193
Q

________, is the oral, enhanced bioavailable and less frequently dosed prodrug of penciclovir.

A

Famciclovir

194
Q

Targets: Nucleic acid synthesisFlucytosineEchinocandinsAzolesPolyenes

A

Flucytosine

195
Q

For HCV, what class does Daclatasvir belong to?

A

NS5A inhibitor

196
Q

_______ is the antiretroviral that has an adverse event described as hypersensitivity more likely to occur in persons who are HLA*B5701 positive.

197
Q

Valganciclovir is a prodrug to what?

A

Ganciclovir

198
Q

_________ is/are the class(es) of antiretrovirals that is considered the most potent (requires the smallest amount of drug present to have the greatest impact on the host’s cell ability to replicate virus).A. Protease inhibitorB. Fusion inhibitor / Attachment inhibitorC. Attachment inhibitorD. Non-nucleoside / Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorE. Integrase inhibitor

A

E. Integrase inhibitor

199
Q

For HCV, what class does Dasabuvir belong to?

A

NS5B inhibitor

200
Q

Name 1 of 2 agents that inhibit Hep C replication via inhibition of the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B:

A

SofosobuvirDasabuvir

201
Q

Abacavir AE?

A

Cardiovascular toxicity

202
Q

Which RX has AE of pigmentation of soles/palms?

A

Emtricitabine

203
Q

Dasabuvir AE?

A

Rash + puritis

204
Q

Azoles target what?Nucleic acid synthesisInhibits glucan synthesis (cell wall)Inhibits ergosterol synthesis (cell membrane)Direct membrane damage

A

Inhibits ergosterol synthesis (cell membrane)

205
Q
  1. Which of the following does NOT work on bacterial ribosomal subunits?a. Aminoglycosidesb. Macrolidesc. Clindamycind. Fluoroquinolones
A

d. Fluoroquinolones

206
Q

We know that Maraviroc is a CCR5 receptor antagonist, what unique MOA does this RX have?

A

Active against viruses that have become resistant to antiretroviral agents of other classes

207
Q

What drugs are made up in the NS5B inhibitor class used against HCV?

A

End w/ “buvir”1. Sofosobuvir2. Dasabuvir

208
Q

Which RXs are integrase inhibitors?

A

End w/ “gravir”EX: Raltegravir

209
Q

For HCV, what class does Grazoprevir belong to?

A

Protease inhibitor

210
Q

Phosphonic Acid AB against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Fosfomycin

211
Q

_______ is the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) that has an adverse event described as hypopigmentation of the soles of the feet or palms of the hands.

A

Emtricitabine

212
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for activating flucytosine?

A

Cytosine deaminase

213
Q

What is the MOA of IFN for HBV treatment?

A

Acts as host cytokineHas antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects

214
Q

Gram-positive cocci, aerobic catalase-positive, coagulase negativeS. aureus or S. epidermidis?

A

S. epidermidis

215
Q

Hepatitis is a (DNA/RNA) virus

A

DNA, partially double stranded

216
Q

Sofosobuvir AE?

A

Rash + pruritus + anemia

217
Q

_______ is the protease inhibitor that is only available as a fixed dose combination with ritonavir.

A

Lopinavir/r

218
Q
  1. Enterococcus is a gram-positive Cocci that is aerobic and catalase negativea. True b. False
219
Q

Gram-positive cocci, aerobic, catalase-positive, coagulase positiveS. aureus or S. epidermidis?

220
Q

____, is the oral, enhanced bioavailable and less frequently dosed prodrug of ganciclovir.

A

Valganciclovir

221
Q

Valacyclovir is a prodrug to what?

Infectious Disease (32 decks)

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