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CDR Exam > I L: Lifespan, athletics, BDS > Flashcards

I L: Lifespan, athletics, BDS Flashcards

0
Q

weight gain guidelines for pregnancy: underweight***

A

(BMI <18.5) 28-40#

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1
Q

weight gain guidelines for pregnancy: normal weight***

A

(BMI 18.5-24.9) 25-35#

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2
Q

weight gain guidelines for pregnancy: overweight***

A

(BMI 25-29.9) 15-25#

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3
Q

weight gain guidelines for pregnancy: obese***

A

(BMI >= 30) 11-20#

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4
Q

target for weight gain during pregnancy***

A

at least achieve the lower limit

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5
Q

who should strive to achieve upper end of weight gain during pregnancy to reduce risk?

A

black and very young women

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6
Q

calories during pregnancy –>

A

+ 340 = 2nd trimester

+ 452 = 3rd trimester

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7
Q

calories during lactation –>

A 
\+330 = 1st 6 months
\+400 = 6-12 months
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8
Q

protein needs during pregnancy and lactation –>

A

71g during second half of pregnancy and lactation

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9
Q

minimum recommended levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit –>

A
  • hgb = 11 g/dL

- hct = 33%

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10
Q

weight gain timeframe***

A

1#/month for the first three months; 1#/week thereafter

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11
Q

who is at risk during pregnancy?*** (3)

A

1) failure to gain 4 lbs (1.8kg)/month in last half of pregnancy
2) <16 or >= 35 y/o
3) <12 months between pregnancy

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12
Q

who is most at risk during pregnancy?***

A

YOUNG teenager

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13
Q

a pregnant adolescent is high risk and needs…?

A

extra Fe, Ca, Zn

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14
Q

alcohol during pregnancy? is wine OK?***

A

NO –> NO ALCOHOL

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15
Q

supplements for pregnancy

A
  • ferrous sulfate: 30 mg during 2nd & 3rd trimester

- folic acid: 400 mcg (added to 200 from foods = 6000

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16
Q

when should a ferrous sulfate supplement be taken?

A

between meals, not with milk, tea, or coffee

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17
Q

AI calcium for pregnancy and lactation

A
  • <=18 y/o: 1300 mg

- >18 yo: 1000 mg

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18
Q

what is progesterone?**

A

hormone that develops placenta after implantation

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19
Q

what role does linolenic acid play in pregnancy?***

A

needed for DEVELOPMENT OF FETAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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20
Q

normal birth weight is?***

A

2500-4000 g

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21
Q

numbers for:

  • low birth weight (LBW)
  • very low birth weight (VLBW)
  • extremely low birth weight (ELBW)
A
  • low birth weight (LBW) = <2500 g
  • very low birth weight (VLBW) = <1500 g
  • extremely low birth weight (ELBW) = <1000 g
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22
Q

SGA vs. AGA vs. LGA

A

(small, appropriate, large: for gestational age)
SGA = <10th percentile
AGA = 10th - 90th percentile
LGA = >90th percentile

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23
Q

what is a neonate?

A

birth to one month

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24
Q

what type of protein can a neonate absorb?

A

whole, intact protein

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25
Q

calorie, protein, water, fat, height, length, weight parameters and guidelines –>

A

see p. I N 15 (probably DNK)

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26
Q

human milk has how many calories per ounce?***

A

20 kcal/ounce

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27
Q

role of prolactin? oxytocin?

A
  • prolactin = stimulates milk production

- oxytocin = moves milk through ducts

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28
Q

colostrum

A

yellowish transparent fluid secreted from the breast during first few days

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29
Q

nutritional value of colostrum vs. mature milk**

A
  • MORE protein, LESS fat and CHO

- HAS antibodies

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30
Q

how long is exclusive breast-feeding recommended for? then supplemented by weaning foods for how long?***

A
  • exclusive breast feeding = 4-6 months

- weaning foods = at least up to 12 months

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31
Q

human milk vs. cow’s milk nutrition

A
  • human milk = less protein, more CHO and FAT

- cow’s milk = more protein, less CHO and FAT

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32
Q

BREASTFED infants need what supplemental micronutrients?

A
  • vitamin D

- fluoride after 6 months (IF WATER CONTAINS INADEQUATE FLUORIDE)

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33
Q

how do you know if milk supply is adequate?***

A

1) if infant gains WEIGHT & LENGTH
2) frequent stools
3) 6-8 WET DIAPERS/DAY

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34
Q

what is the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative?***

A

global effort to increase INCIDENCE and DURATION of breast-feeding

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35
Q

infant formula has how many calories per ounce? how much is needed?**

A
  • 20 kcal/ounce (same as human milk)

- 2.5 ounces/lb/day

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36
Q

nutritional value of infant formula vs. human milk

A
  • infant formula = MORE protein + iron, but NO antibodies
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37
Q

supplemental/additional micronutrients for INFANT FORMULA fed babies

A
  • vitamin D = MET if receiving 1 quart vit.D-fortified/day

- fluoride after 6 months if water supply is inadequate

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38
Q

what type of formula is recommended for all infants on formula?***

A

iron-fortified

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39
Q

unmodified cow’s milk in formula is…?

A

tough hard curd and inappropriate; hard to digest, increased renal solute load

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40
Q

casein hydrolysate (does/does NOT) have lactose***

A

DOES NOT

41
Q

what is hyperbilirubinemia?

A

unconjugated bilirubin levels elevated within first week of life as a result of increased breakdown of RBCs or decreased intestinal mobility

42
Q

treatment for hyperbilirubinemia***

A

9-12 feedings per day of human milk or formula to PROMOTE HYDRATION AND INTESTINAL MOTILITY

43
Q

what happens to fetal iron stores at 3-4 months? what should be done?

A

decrease –> need additional iron, from formula or supplemental foods

44
Q

when should solids be added?*******

A

4-6 MONTHS; WHEN SITTING POSTURE CAN BE SUSTAINED (HEAD & NECK UP) + EXTRUSION REFLEX DIMINISHES

45
Q

extrusion reflex***

A

tongue pulling back

46
Q

palmar grasp vs. pincer grasp***

A
  • palmar = whole hand (ex: cookies)

- pincer = thumb and forefinger (ex: Cheerios)

47
Q

when should large finger foods be added? when should small finger foods be added?

A
  • large/palmar grasp = 6-8 months

- small/pincer grasp = 9-12 months

48
Q

whole cow’s milk- when should it be given?***

A

AFTER FIRST YEAR OF LIFE- NO COW’S WHOLE MILK DURING FIRST YEAR OF MILK

49
Q

what types of milk are inappropriate during the first 2 years of life?***

A

low fat and non-fat milks

50
Q

for those who can not tolerate cow’s milk-based or soy products, what formula should be used?***

A

formula from a casein hydrolysate (Pregestimil –> remember, casein hydrolysate does not have lacose)

51
Q

growth rates:
1-3 y/o
4-6 y/o
7-10 y/o

A
  • growth slows = 1-3 & 7-10

- growth spurts = 4-6

52
Q

limit fruit juice to _____ up to age ____***

A

4 ounces per day up to age 6

53
Q

at least ______ of physical activity each day for children***

A

60 minutes/day

54
Q

calcium for males and females ages 9-13

A

1300 mg AI

55
Q

weight for length/stature is used for?***

A

SHORT-TERM WEIGHT (identifies stunting, wasting, over-nutrition, WNL nutrition)

56
Q

stature/length for age is used for?***

A

LONG-TERM nutritional status; DETERMINES STUNTING, shortness/tallness

57
Q

when should length be measured? stature or height?***

A
  • length: 0-36 months

- stature/height: 2-20 years old

58
Q

weight-for age is used for?***

A

NOT VERY USEFUL- does not include height, short-term marker of growth, not used for under/overweight

59
Q

BMI-for-age starts at age?***

A

2 y/o

60
Q

BMI-for-age percentiles***

A
  • OBESE = >=95th

others but Jean says you don’t need to know: underweight <5th, normal 5th to 84th, overweight 85th to 94th

61
Q

measure head circumference (occipital frontal circumference) until what age?***

A

3 years old

62
Q

how long should you measure supine length (laying down)?***

A

until age 2

63
Q

growth does not deviate by more than _____ from the established pattern of growth***

A

25 percentile points (within 25th percentile is OK, check again if more)

64
Q

major reasons for large discrepancies in growth patterns is?***

A

human error in measurement

65
Q

newborn inital 6% loss of birth weight should be regained by?

A

10-14 days

66
Q

normal gestation is approximately?

A

40 weeks

67
Q

adjusted age

A

chronologic age - correction factor of (40 weeks-number of weeks born at)

68
Q

American Academy of Pediatrics - growth charts for Down syndrome***

A

growth charts to assess children with Down syndrome no longer reflect the population and SHOULD NOT BE USED

69
Q

growth charts for other special needs are based on?***

A

SMALL populations

70
Q

what are typical causes of failure to thrive (FTT)?***

A
  • ILLNESS, DIET, poor appetite

- **LACK OF FIBER leading to CHRONIC CONSTIPATION, DIMINISHED INTAKE

71
Q

lead poisoning symptoms***

A

irritability, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia

72
Q

RDA for protein:

  • > = 19 y/o males
  • females
A
  • M >= 19: 56g

- F: 46g

73
Q

AMDRs

A

45-65% CHO, 20-35% FAT, 10-35% PRO

74
Q

AI for fiber <50 y/o: M & F

A

M = 38g, F = 25g

75
Q

AI for fiber >50: M & F

A

M = 30g, F = 21g

76
Q

fluid needs for adults***

A

35 mL/kg or 1 mL/kcal ingested

77
Q

AI for fluids**

A

M = 3.7 L/day

F (older than 19) = 2.7 L/day

78
Q

sodium AI for men and women 19-50

A

1.5g /day

79
Q

AI for linolenic acid and linoleic acid

A

linolenic acid = 1.6 M, 1.1 F

linoleic acid = 17 M, 12 F

80
Q

ages for:

  • young old
  • aged
  • oldest old
A
  • young old = 65-74
  • aged = 75-84
  • oldest old = 85 and older
81
Q

kcal and protein needs for elderly

A

kcal decreases, protein remains the same

82
Q

elderly often lack what micronutrients?***** (5)

A

Ca & Fe (decreased absorption due to decreased HCl); B6, B12, folate

83
Q

why is constipation usually a problem for elderly?

A

less gastric motility, less HCl secretion in stomach

84
Q

athletes water needs during PA***

A

16 ounces water for every 1# body weight lost

85
Q

hydration recommendations before activity

A

LIMITED research = 10 mL/kg of a high sodium containing beverage prior to activity 1-4 hours long

86
Q

refueling recommendations for during and after continuous physical activity (1-4 hours)**

A

need FLUID, CARBS, SODIUM

87
Q

compared to during the activity, how much sodium is needed to restore hydration after exercise in athletes?***

A

MORE sodium than during

88
Q

carbohydrate loading

A

store 2-3 times normal amount of muscle glycogen

89
Q

adverse effects of CHO loading

A

weakness, bloating, dizziness, soreness

90
Q

at rest and during normal activities, what are the primary energy sources?***

A

FATS

91
Q

during low to moderate intensity aerobic activity (long duration, steady pace…i.e. endurance training), what is a significant energy source?

A

fat

92
Q

what is needed as a fuel source for exercise above 60-65% maximal oxygen uptake?

A

CHO

93
Q

during PROLONGED exercise, reliance on what nutrient? why?**

A

CHO –> to provide PYRUVATE for continued lipid oxidation

94
Q

how long is it before muscle glycogen is depleted?

A

2-3 hours of continuous exercise at 60-80%

95
Q

creatine supplements**

A

DO NOT enhance endurance (NOT helpful for marathon runner, soccer player)

96
Q

herbals, botanicals, and supplements are regulated by>

A

DSHEA: Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act

97
Q

botanicals - claims on the label

A

physiological effect can be noted, but no claims about prevention or cure of specific conditions can be made

98
Q

BDS that have blood clotting as a potential issue**

A
  • black cohosh (menopause)
  • garlic (decrease cholesterol, BP)
  • ginger (antiemetic)
  • ginkgo biloba (vasodilation)
  • ginseng (immunity, endurance)
  • St. John’s Wort (antidepressive)
99
Q

patients & supplement usage

A

ask about their supplement usage, make sure they do not combine drugs and herbs with similar actions or exceed recommended dosages

100
Q

BDS and use —>

A

see chart p. I N 20 (may not need to know)

CDR Exam (34 decks)

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