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CDR Exam > I F Research > Flashcards

I F Research Flashcards

0
Q

what is a hypothesis?**

A

prediction of a relationship- expressed as more or less (ex: People with X will have lower rates of cancer than people without X)

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1
Q

1st 3 steps of research IN ORDER***

A

1) identify a RELEVANT/IMPORTANT TOPIC + LITERATURE REVIEW
2) WELL-CONSIDERED RESEARCH Q
3) HYPOTHESIS

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2
Q

what is a null hypothesis?***

A

NO relationship = “equal to” (ex: Men with high intakes of X have the same rates of cancer as men without X)

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3
Q

what is a research protocol?

A

methodology to solve the problem

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4
Q

parts of research report: abstract***

A

CONDENSATION OF FINAL REPORT- purpose of study, questions asked, scope and method, summary of conclusions

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5
Q

parts of research report: general introduction

A

objectives, definitions, background, limitations, order of presentation

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6
Q

parts of research report: literature review

A

summary of different POVs

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7
Q

parts of research report: methodology

A

statement of hypothesis, discussion of methods used

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8
Q

parts of research report: results***

A

SPECIFIC LAB, CLINICAL, OBJECTIVE OR SUBJECTIVE FINDINGS

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9
Q

parts of research report: discussion***

A

INTERPRETATION of results, COMPARISON with other studies; may be combined with results

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10
Q

parts of research report: conclusion

A

brief summary, may have recommendations

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11
Q

parts of research report: implications***

A

HOW INFO MAY BE APPLIED IN PRACTICE

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12
Q

descriptive research**

A

DESCRIBES a state of nature AT A POINT IN TIME; regards DETERMINANTS OF A CONDITION OR A DISEASE

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13
Q

descriptive relationship: can causal relationships be determined?***

A

NO- establishes associations among factors, but NO CAUSE & EFFECT (or causal relationships)

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14
Q

analytical research**

A

TESTS HYPOTHESES

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15
Q

analytical research: can causal relationships be determined?***

A

YES- allows for CAUSE & EFFECT relationships

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16
Q

examples of descriptive research**

A

1) qualitative
2) case report
3) surveys

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17
Q

examples of analytical research***

A

1) experimental
2) Quasi-experimental/time series
3) cohort
4) case control
5) cross-sectional

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18
Q

qualitative research purpose

A

(descriptive)

explore phenomenon of interest –> data collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires

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19
Q

what is a case report?

A

(descriptive) AKA case study or case series

report of observations on one subject or more than one subject

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20
Q

what are surveys?***

A

research designed to DESCRIBE and QUANTIFY characteristics of a DEFINED POPULATION; DEFINED TIME FRAME, PINPOINTS PROBLEMS (ex: NHANES)

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21
Q

what is the experimental model?***

A

(analytical)

uses EXPERIMENTAL & CONTROL GROUPS

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22
Q

what does the experimental group receive?

A

program or treatment

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23
Q

what does the control group receive?

A

NOT the treatment, may get a placebo

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24
Q

placebo

A

gives the aura but not the substance of a service, removing the possibility of a Hawthorne effect (positive response due to attention participants receive)

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25
Q

in a study of aspartame, what could be the placebo?

A

sugar (??????)

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26
Q

when is an experimental model study successful?***

A

if EXPERIMENTAL GROUP&raquo_space;> (improved more) than CONTROL group

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27
Q

what is a time series study (Quasi-experimental)?***

A
  • series of measurements at periodic INTERVALS BEFORE THE PROGRAM BEGINS AND AFTER THE PROGRAM ENDS
  • shows if NOTEWORTHY CHANGE within ONE STUDY GROUP
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28
Q

cohort

A

group whose members have SOMETHING IN COMMON

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29
Q

cohort studies are AKA***

A

INCIDENCE STUDIES- tracking FREQUENCY OF NEW CASES (NEWLY DX) of a DISEASE

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30
Q

cohort studies are usually how long? prospective or retrospective?**

A

usually LONGITUDINAL, usually PROSPECTIVE (retrospective uses existing data and looks back for relationships)

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31
Q

incidence vs. prevalence***

A

incidence = new cases; prevalence = existing cases

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32
Q

case control studies

A

focus on SPECIFIC DISEASE: those with disease vs. those without disease

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33
Q

what is a cross-sectional study?***

A

ONE-TIME DATA COLLECTION (snapshot at one point, describes current not past or future)

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34
Q

cross-sectional study is AKA?***

A

PREVALENCE study- ALL cases of a specific disease among a group of people in a specific time (existing cases)

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35
Q

what is relevance or validity?

A

ability to measure phenomenon it intends to measure

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36
Q

internal validity***

A

tests whether the difference BETWEEN THE 2 GROUPS IS REAL (did the experimental group REALLY PERFORM DIFFERENTLY)

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37
Q

external validity***

A

can a GENERALIZATION be made to a larger population

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38
Q

analysis of variance is aka? when is it used?***

A

ANOVA- used when SEVERAL PRODUCTS (>2) COMPETE AGAINST ANOTHER (ANOVA…validity…>2)

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39
Q

analysis of variance is looking for?***

A

ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES ANYWHERE AMONG THE SAMPLES (ex: data set with BDS and characteristics)

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40
Q

what is reliability?**

A

consistency or reproducibility of test results

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41
Q

reliability: parallel forms

A

two separate but similar forms of the same test at the same time- do the sets of score coincide?

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42
Q

reliability: split halves

A

divide test in half- degree of similarity in results

43
Q

reliability: precision

A

amount of variation that occurs randomly: less random variability is greater precision

44
Q

sensitivity vs. specificity***

A
  • sensitivity = test positive, have dx or condition at all

- specificity = people without dx or condition, non-afflicted

45
Q

nominal (non-ordered) variables**

A

variables with NO SPECIAL ORDER (gender, race, marital status, present or absent)

46
Q

rank order (ordinal scale) variables***

A

observations compared with each other and PUT IN ORDER (ex: best to worst, 1-4)

47
Q

numerical discrete vs. numerical continuous variables

A
  • discrete = data with numbers (# clinic visist)

- continuous = underlying continuous scales (blood pressure)

48
Q

dependent variables are?***

A

OUTCOMES

49
Q

what are independent variables?***

A

what you MANIPULATE in your study

50
Q

treatments for diseases are independent or dependent variables?***

A

INDEPENDENT –> can change treatment to affect the disease

51
Q

effect cholesterol levels have on heart attacks - independent variable? dependent variable?

A
  • independent: cholesterol levels

- dependent: heart attacks = outcome

52
Q

probability sampling

A

each segment of the population will be represented in the sample

53
Q

randomization

A

select a sample from the whole population so that the characteristics of each of the units approximates characteristics of the entire population

54
Q

non-probability sampling

A

no way of forecasting that each element in the population will be represented in the sample

55
Q

convenience or accidental sampling

A

take units as they arrive on the scene- no attempt to control bias

56
Q

measures of central tendency are?***

A

mean, median, mode

57
Q

measures of central tendency- definition***

A

CENTER OF ANY MASS OF DATA

58
Q

what is the mean?***

A

simple average

59
Q

median?***

A

midpoint- arrange from low to high = middle value; if even number of numbers, median is the average of the two numbers closest to the center

60
Q

mode?***

A

MOST FREQUENTLY occurring value/REPEATED number

61
Q

if no number is repeated, what is the mode?**

A

THERE IS NO MODE

62
Q

what is the range?

A

difference between the lowest and highest values in the distribution –> subtract lower from higher value

63
Q

what is standard deviation?

A

degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution

64
Q

the slope is?***

A

convex = bulging outward

65
Q

what happens to the curve at the point of inflection?***

A

becomes concave (bulging inward) as the slope begins to level off

66
Q

the distance between the mean and the point of inflection on either side is?***

A

EQUAL TO THE SD

67
Q

how much within a normal distribution lies within 1 SD of the mean?***

A

2/3 or 68% = mean + 1 SD

68
Q

what are correlations?

A

relationships between varying types of data

69
Q

what does it mean the closer the points are to the line?**

A

STRONGER THE DEGREE OF LINEAR RELATIONSHIP

70
Q

what is the linear correlation coefficient?

A

R = degree to which the points in a scatter diagram cluster around a straight line

71
Q

what is the value of r?***

A

ALWAYS between -1 and 1: GREATER THAN 1 IS NOT AN OPTION

72
Q

R=1 means?***

A

all points lie on a straight line with a POSITIVE slope

73
Q

R = -1 means?***

A

all points lie on a straight line with a NEGATIVE slope

74
Q

the closer the r is to 1 or -1, what does this mean?***

A

closer the points tend to cluster around the line, stronger the degree of linear relationship

75
Q

r=0 means?

A

no linear relationship

76
Q

perfect positive correlation***

A

+1.0 = when one goes up, so does the other

77
Q

perfect negative correlation***

A

-1.0 = inverse relationship, opposite

78
Q

the lower the p value, what does this mean?***

A

lower the p value, higher the significance of your results

79
Q

p <= 0.05***

A

SIGNIFICANT difference, results are reliable!

80
Q

p <0.01***

A

VERY significant difference, more reliable results

81
Q

p >0.05***

A

NOT VERY significant difference, NOT RELIABLE results

82
Q

the smaller the p value, the higher your confidence is that the effect you observed was real –>

A

–>

83
Q

line graphs show ___ on vertical scale and ___ on horizontal scale

A
  • vertical = frequency/#

- horizontal = method of classification

84
Q

what is a histogram?***

A

block diagram whose blocks are proportional in area to the frequency in each class or group

85
Q

what does a histogram summarize?**

A

SUMMARIZES DATA from a process that has been collected OVER TIME

86
Q

double blind study***

A

REMOVES BIAS from research; NEITHER researcher nor subject KNOWS which group is RECEIVING TREATMENT and WHICH IS PLACEBO

87
Q

mortality vs. morbidity***

A
  • mortality = rate of death

- morbidity = state of disease

88
Q

variable of interest

A

what researchers are studying

89
Q

population of interest

A

describes group about which the observations are made

90
Q

descriptive statistics

A

summarizes and describes aspects of a set of data

91
Q

inferential statistics***

A

techniques that allow conclusions to EXTEND BEYOND AN IMMEDIATE DATA SET; what is the PROBABILITY** that the results can BE APPLIED TO A LARGER GROUPS, what can you INFER from the results of your study

92
Q

nonparametric test

A

does not depend on a normal distribution

93
Q

dichotomous scores

A

only TWO events are possible (heads, tails)

94
Q

continuous scores

A

measured on a continuous scale

95
Q

pilot study***

A

SCALED DOWN version of the larger investigation; PRACTICE IMPLEMENTATION, determine if FEASIBLE

96
Q

pilot study- # steps***

A

INCLUDES ALL STEPS IN THE STUDY, but done on a SMALL TEST GROUP (ex: a pilot on TV)

“will the study plan work?”

97
Q

focus group***

A

method of ATTAINING INFORMATION ABOUT A TARGET GROUP; SMALL GROUP who talk about the BELIEFS, OPINIONS, PROBLEMS

98
Q

what type of data does a focus group provide?***

A

ATTITUDINAL or SUBJECTIVE data

99
Q

chi square X test

A

tests whether or not there is a real difference between categories- compares FREQUENCY with what we expect to occur vs. frequency that actually occurred

100
Q

types of things chi square test is used for

A

attributes with >2 categories

101
Q

t test

A

tests significance between the MEANS of two different populations- NULL VS. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

102
Q

what are management concepts?

A

philosophies about how an organization views its customers and the delivery of products or services

103
Q

service marketing

A

qualities of intangibility, perishability, heterogenicity, insperability

104
Q

qualities of intangible & inseparable, perishable (in relation to marketing)

A

services are intangible –> produced and consumed at the same time so are inseparable and perishable

105
Q

quality of heterogenicity of service

A

variation and lack of uniformity in performance of people - don’t know how employees may respond to a situation or customers to the services

106
Q

effectiveness vs. efficiency**

A
  • effectiveness = achieving objectives, producing + results

- efficiency = minimization of resources, producing positive results **at the lowest cost

CDR Exam (34 decks)

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