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CDR Exam > I K (no j or i): Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance > Flashcards

I K (no j or i): Water, electrolytes, acid-base balance Flashcards

0
Q

what is insensible water loss? how much is it?***

A

skin, breathing; 0.8-1.2 L per day

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1
Q

intracellular vs. intercellular

A
  • intracellular = within cells

- intercellular = type of extracellular fluid, between/around cells

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2
Q

what is sensible water loss?

A

urine = CAN COLLECT IT

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3
Q

insensible water loss- easy or difficult to measure?

A

difficult

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4
Q

electrolytes do what in water?

A

dissociate into ions: cations (+), anions (-)

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5
Q

mEq equation***

A

(mg/atomic weight) x valence

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6
Q

atomic weight of Na, K, Ca**

A 
Na = 23
K = 39
Ca = 40
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7
Q

valence of Na, K, Ca***

A 
Na = 1
K = 1
Ca = 2
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8
Q

concentration of electrolytes is expressed in what unit?***

A

milliequivalents (mEq)

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9
Q

extracellular electrolytes are?***

A

SODIUM, CALCIUM (also Cl, HCO3 aka bicarbonate)

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10
Q

sodium chloride is ___% sodium

A

40%

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11
Q

one tsp salt = 6g or NaCl or ___g sodium

A

2.4 (2400 mg = 1 tsp salt)

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12
Q

sodium is reabsorbed by __________ (hormone) and retained by ______

A

absorbed by aldosterone and retained by steroids

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13
Q

intracellular electrolytes?***

A

POTASSIUM, magnesium, phosphorous

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14
Q

sources of potassium*****

A

meat, fruits, vegetables (banana, orange, tomato, potato, cantaloupe)

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15
Q

sources low in potassium***

A

apple, cranberry, blueberry, carrot, corn

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16
Q

aldosterone (increases/decreases) excretion of potassium

A

increases

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17
Q

normal range for the following: ***

  • sodium
  • potassium
  • calcium
A
  • sodium = 136-145 mEq/L
  • potassium = 3.5-5 mEq/L
  • calcium = 4.4-5.5 mEq/L (9-11 mg/dL or 2xs the mEq)
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18
Q

normal range for the following –(FLIP)–>

  • magnesium
  • chloride
  • phosphorous
A
  • magnesium = 1.5-2.5
  • chloride = 96-106
  • phosphorous = 3-4.5
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19
Q

what is osmosis?***

A

fluid moves from LESS –> MORE CONCENTRATED SIDE OF MEMBRANE

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20
Q

what is diffusion?***

A

particles move from MORE –> LESS CONCENTRATED SIDE

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21
Q

osmosis vs. diffusion***

A
  • osmosis = less to more

- diffusion = more to less

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22
Q

effect of protein on fluid balance

A

exerts colloidal osmotic pressure

23
Q

relationship between albumin and fluid**

A
  • albumin exerts pressure on blood vessel wall that keeps water within
  • when ALBUMIN DROPS, PRESSURE DROPS, FLUID LEAKS OUT
  • water goes from extracellular to between and around cells = edema + ascites
24
Q

anasarca***

A

extreme, generalized edema and widespread swelling of skin due to effusion of fluid into extracellular space

25
Q

anasarca is associated with?***

A

HEART, LIVER, RENAL FAILURE, EXTREME PRO/KCAL MALNUTRITION

26
Q

generally with dehydration, what happens to lab values?***

A

most increase

27
Q

causes of dehydration

A
  • decreased water intake
  • excessive water output
  • heavy solute load
28
Q

s/s of dehydration***

A
  • NAUSEA
  • DIZZINESS
  • SUNKEN EYES
  • INCREASE IN SOLUTES (BUN)
29
Q

BEST ASSESSMENT parameter for fluid status?***

A

serum sodium

30
Q

hypernatremia is associated with? hyponatremia is associated with?***

A
  • hyper = dehydration

- hypo = overhydraton

31
Q

with fluid status, what lab value should you look at first?***

A

serum sodium

32
Q

what is acid-base balance?***

A

regulation of hydrogen concentration

33
Q

acid does what? base does what?***

A
  • ACID RELEASES H ions

- BASE TAKES UP H ions

34
Q

what is a buffer?**

A

MIXTURE of acid and base components to protect against a strong acid or a strong base

35
Q

major buffer***

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

36
Q

body pH is?***

A

7.4

37
Q

what do lungs control? what do kidneys control?***

A
  • lungs = supply of carbonic acid (CO2, water)

- kidneys = bicarbonate (base)

38
Q

hypoventilation does what? hyperventilation does what?***

A
  • hypoventilation = retention of acid (carbonic acid or CO2)

- hyperventilation = loss of acid

39
Q

what happens if kidneys retain bicarbonate? what happens if kidneys excrete excess bicarbonate?***

A
  • retain bicarb = level of base increases

- excrete bicarb = level of base decreases

40
Q

how does acid-base balance work?***

A

change in one side of the buffer = COMPENSATORY CHANGE ON THE OTHER SIDE to maintain balance and a PH OF 7.4

41
Q

failure related to pulmonary system is called?***

A

respiratory

42
Q

general guideline for acid-base disorders –>

A
  • what is occuring = the condition
  • compensatory response = opposite organ increases or decreases to balance out the pH

(ex: metabolic acidosis = low pH of the kidneys & they excrete too much base —> compensatory is for the lungs to hyperventilate to lose acid)

43
Q

what happens in respiratory acidosis?

A

CO2 retention (or hypoventilation, retaining acid)

44
Q

compensatory response of respiratory acidosis?***

A

kidneys increase absorption of base (bicarbonate)

45
Q

what happens in respiratory alkalosis?

A

increased ventilation/loss of acid

46
Q

compensatory response for respiratory alkalosis***

A

kidneys excrete base (bicarbonate)

47
Q

what happens in metabolic acidosis?***

A

kidneys EXCRETE EXCESS BASE (or kidneys produce or retain too much hydrogen –> increase in production of carbonic acid)

48
Q

compensatory response for metabolic acidosis***

A

lungs HYPERVENTILATE = YAWN & SIGH; respiration increases to EXPEL CO2 to decrease carbonic acid

49
Q

what happens in metabolic alkalosis?***

A

ABNORMAL RETENTION OF BASE (or loss of H due to loss of acid)

50
Q

compensatory response for metabolic alkalosis***

A

HYPOVENTILATION –> ventilation or respiration decreases to retain CO2 to increase carbonic acid

51
Q

chemical makeup for bicarbonate vs. carbonic acid***

A
  • bicarbonate = HCO3

- carbonic acid = H2CO3

52
Q

blood gas readings for bicarbonate***

A

HCO3 = 24-28

53
Q

blood gas readings for carbonic acid***

A

pCO2 = 35-45

54
Q

associations: acid vs. base

A
  • pCO2…carbonic acid…lungs

- HCO3…base…bicarbonate…kidneys

CDR Exam (34 decks)

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