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Cardio Exam 2 > Hypertension - Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Hypertension - Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common disease-related reason for visits for primary care providers

A
  • hypertension
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2
Q

what is the number one attribute risk for death worldwide

A
  • suboptimal BP
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3
Q

highest countries for DALYs by systolic blood pressure level

A
  • china

- india

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4
Q

normal BP

A

<120/<80

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5
Q

elevated BP

A
  • 120-129

- <80

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6
Q

stage 1 htn

A
  • 130-139

- 80-89

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7
Q

stage 2 htn

A
  • > 140

- >90

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8
Q

how many BP measurements should be used

A
  • at least 2
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9
Q

when making clinical decisions based on at-home BP measurements, how many days should be used

A
  • at least 3
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10
Q

systolic BP increases with

greater in which race

A
  • age

- African Americans

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11
Q

factors included in framingham heart study

A
  • systolic BP
  • cholesterol/HDL
  • diabetes
  • cigarettes
  • left ventricular hypertrophy
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12
Q

important systems in blood pressure regulation

A
  • kidneys
  • SNS
  • RAAS
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13
Q

hemodynamic progression of hypertension

A
  • early in life it’s cardiac output

- later in life its peripheral resistance

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14
Q

tubular model of the arterial system

A
  • vascular stiffness contributes to systolic hypertension in the elderly
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15
Q

essential (primary) hypertension cause of hypertension in what percent of patients

A
  • 90%
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16
Q

cardiovascular structures affected by HTN

A
  • heart
  • large and medium arteries
  • small arteries and arterioles (microvasculature)
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17
Q

organs most at risk due to hypertension

A
  • heart
  • arteries
  • brain
  • kidney
18
Q

pathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy

A
  • increased afterload
  • increased LV work
  • hypertrophy of LV myocytes
  • concentric LV hypertrophy with increased stiffness
19
Q

left ventricular hypertrophy on the EKG

A
  • taller R waves in leftward leads (I, AVL, V6)
  • deeper S waves in rightward leads (V1, V3)
  • downsloping ST depression
  • T wave inversions
20
Q

S wave in V1 and R wave in V5 (or V6) measurement in left ventricular hypertrophy

21
Q

R wave in AVL measurement in left ventricular hypertrophy

22
Q

R wave in lead I measurement in left ventricular hypertrophy

23
Q

S wave in V3 and R in AVL measurement in left ventricular hypertrophy

A

> 20 mm (women)

> 28 mm (men)

24
Q

HTN effects on large-medium arteries

A
  • accelerated atherosclerosis
25
complications of accelerated atherosclerosis
- MI - stroke/brain infarct - aortic aneurysm
26
Chronic HTN effects on microvasculature - pathology
- thickened vessel wall | - stenotic lumen
27
pathogenesis of chronic HTN in small arteries
- adapt - wall thickens with increased elastin and increased collagen - benign arteriosclerosis
28
pathogenesis of chronic HTN in arteriole
- adapt +/- injury - wall thickened with increased collagen and plasma proteins - benign arteriolosclerosis - hyaline arteriolosclerosis
29
complications of stenotic lumen
- ischemia to tissues downstream
30
organs affected by downstream ischemia
- kidney (renal failure) -> benign nephrosclerosis | - retina
31
pathology of severe, acute htn affects on microvasculature
- thickened vessel wall | - stenotic lumen
32
pathogenesis of severe, acute htn in small arteries and arterioles
- adapt | - endothelial injury
33
adaption of small arteries and arterioles in severe, acute htn
- wall thickens with increased layers of smooth muscle cells | = onion skinning
34
endothelial injury of small arteries and arterioles in severe, acute htn
- necrotic wall thickened with fibrinoid necrosis - insudated plasma proteins - +/- thrombus
35
SBP reduction of weight reduction
- 10 mmHg
36
SBP reduction of adoption of DASH diet
- 11 mmHg
37
most patients with hypertension should have BP measurements done where
- also outside of the clinic
38
there is a _____ between BP and cardiovascular risk
- continuous, graded relationship
39
what contributes to high BP
- increased cardiac output - elevated peripheral resistance - vascular stiffness
40
important end-organ manifestations of hypertension
- heart failure - myocardial infarction - stroke - renal failure
41
biggest ways in lowering BP
- weight loss - adoption of DASH diet - dietary sodium restriction - physical activity - moderation of alcohol intake

Cardio Exam 2 (29 decks)

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