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Cardio Exam 2 > Cardiac Output > Flashcards

Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

what measures the maximum tension (pressure) that can develop from a given LVEDV

A
  • active curve
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2
Q

what measures the passive stretch (pressure or tension) on the ventricular myocytes as the heart is filled with blood

A
  • passive curve
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3
Q

ventricular performance curves show the relationship between

A
  • the EDV and SV
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4
Q

what would the heart being stimulated by epinephrine do to the cardiac performance curve?

A
  • increase it

- move up

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5
Q

the amount of passive TENSION or stretch on the myocardial cells in the ventricles by the volume of blood in the ventricle just prior to contraction

A
  • preload
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6
Q

what is preload proportional to

A
  • LVEDV/P
  • also proportional to the radius
  • sarcomere length
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7
Q

relationship of preload to stroke volume

A
  • increasing preload increases stroke volume

- can be seen in a graph

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8
Q

Central venous pressure determines

why?

A
  • pressure in the right atrium and left atrium

- since they are in series

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9
Q

relationship of CVP to preload

A
  • increasing CVP
  • increases atrial pressure
  • increases EDV/P or preload
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10
Q

main factors that influence CVP

A
  • venous tone
  • blood volume
  • body position - gravity
  • increased arteriolar dilation
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11
Q

the force or pressure the ventricle is working against after the onset of contraction

  • measured by SVR
A
  • afterload

- wall stress

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12
Q

relationship of afterload on SV

A
  • increasing afterload decreases SV
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13
Q

what is afterload on the pressure/volume graph?

A
  • the top sloped portion because it represents ejection
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14
Q

determinants of afterload

A
  • systolic blood pressure
  • aortic compliance
  • aortic valve resistance
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15
Q

relationship between aortic compliance and afterload

example

A
  • decreasing compliance increases afterload

- getting old

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16
Q

relationship between after load and pressure

A
  • afterload is proportional to pressure
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17
Q

the contractile force that is developed by the ventricle at any given preload and afterload

A
  • contractility (inotropy)
18
Q

contractility proportional to

A
  • how many actin-myosin cross bridges are made

- how much Ca2+ available per beat

19
Q

relationship between contractility and SV

A
  • increasing contractility increases SV
20
Q

what happens if ventricular heart muscle increases the level of intracellular calcium per beat

A
  • the myocytes contract more forcefully and with higher velocity
21
Q

contractility on the pressure volume loop

A
  • the slope of the active curve
22
Q

what happens to active curve if we increase contractility

A
  • moves up and to the left
23
Q

effect of increasing contractility with same preload on SV

A
  • increases SV
24
Q

effect of decreasing preload with increased contractility on SV

A
  • SV stays about the same
25
Q

determinants of contractility

A
  • intracellular Ca2+
  • myosin ATPase activity
  • ATP levels
  • number of sarcomeres
26
Q

40-90 bpm, decreasing HR affect on preload

A
  • increases preload
27
Q

90-170 bpm, effect on CO

A
  • increases CO proportionately
28
Q

180 bpm effect on CO

A
  • decreases due to decreased filling time
29
Q

preload determined by

A
  • ventricular end diastolic tension
30
Q

relationship between force and load

A
  • load increases force
31
Q

gravity affect on preload

A
  • preload decreases when you stand up
32
Q

sympathetic activity on preload

A
  • increases tension of walls of veins and venules
33
Q

myocardial oxygen demand proportional to

A
  • stroke volume

- preload

34
Q

afterload proportional to

A
  • blood pressure and vascular stiffness

- SVR

35
Q

cellular basis of afterload

A
  • increasing afterload decreases velocity of myofibril shortening
  • decreases velocity of systolic ejection
  • decreases stroke volume
36
Q

formula for afterload

A

P x r/ 2h

P = ventricular pressure
r = ventricular radius
h = ventricular wall thickness
37
Q

effect of increasing afterload on oxygen demand

A
  • increasing afterload will increase oxygen demand
38
Q

effect of preload and afterload on contractility

A
  • do not affect contractility
39
Q

effect of calcium on slope of ventricular pressure

A
  • more calcium available for contraction, the steeper the rise in ventricular pressure
40
Q

formula for cardiac output

A
  • stroke volume x heart rate
41
Q

SVR (TPR) during exercise

affect on afterload

A
  • decreases due to vasodilatation

- decreases afterload

Cardio Exam 2 (29 decks)

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