Hormones

Question 1

Parietal cells secrete

Answer 1

Gastric acid
Intrinsic factor

Question 2

Function of gastric acid

Answer 2

Decrease stomach acid
Activates pepsinogen to pepsin
Kills microorganisms except H. pylori

Question 3

Role of IF

Answer 3

Binds to vitamin B12
Enables absorption in terminal ileum

Question 4

Stimulation of Gastric acid and IF

Answer 4

Vague nerve
Gastrin
Histamine

Question 5

Inhibition of gastric acid and IF

Answer 5

GIP
Prostaglandins
Secretion
Somatostatin

Question 6

Pepsin cell type secretion

Answer 6

Gastric chief cell

Question 7

Role of pepsin

Answer 7

Protein digestion

Question 8

Stimulation of pepsin

Answer 8

Vagus nerve
Low gastric pH

Question 9

Inhibition of pepsin

Answer 9

High gastric pH
Somatostatin

Question 10

Bicarbonate cell secretion

Answer 10

Mucosal cells (salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, duodenum)
Brunner glands

Question 11

Stimulation of bicarbonate

Answer 11

Secretin

Question 12

Cell type for gastrin

Answer 12

G cells (antrum of stomach, duodenum)

Question 13

Function of gastrin

Answer 13

Increase gastric acid secretion
Increase gastric motility
Proliferation of gastric mucosa

Question 14

Stimulation of gastrin

Answer 14

Vague nerve (via gastrin-releasing peptide and GRP released from presynaptic terminals of postganglionic fibers)
Aminoacids and peptides
Decreased acidity
Distension of stomach
Chronic PPI administration

Question 15

Inhibition of gastrin

Answer 15

Somatostatin
Gastric pH < 1.5

Question 16

Ghrelin cell type

Answer 16

P/D1 cells

Question 17

Function of ghrelin

Answer 17

Increases appetite
Stimulates neuropeptide Y and growth hormone
Increases gastric motility

Question 18

Histamine cell type

Answer 18

Enterochromaffin-like cells

Question 19

Role of histamine

Answer 19

Increased gastric acid secretion

Question 20

Stimulation of histamine

Answer 20

Gastrin

Question 21

Inhibition of histamine

Answer 21

Somatostatin

Question 22

CCK cell type

Answer 22

I cells (duodenum, jejunum)

Question 23

Function of CCK

Answer 23

Increases contraction of gallbladder
Increases secretion of pancreatic enzyme
Increases relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
Decreases gastric emptying

Question 24

Stimulation of CCK

Answer 24

Postprandial state

Question 25

Inhibition of CCK

Answer 25

Somatostatin Fasting

Question 26

Somatostatin cell type

Answer 26

D cells Hypothalamus

Question 27

Somatostatin function

Answer 27

Inhibits GI secretions - Decrease gastric acid - Decrease gastrin - Decrease pepsinogen - Decrease CCK - Decrease secretin - Decrease pancreatic secretion - Decrease gastric inhibitory polypeptide Inhibits gallbladder contraction Decreases motility of stomach and intestine Splanchnic vasoconstriction Decreased GH and TSH secretion

Question 28

Stimulation of somatostatin

Answer 28

Postprandial state

Question 29

Inhibition of somatostatin

Answer 29

Vague nerve

Question 30

Secretin cell type

Answer 30

S cells (duodenum)

Question 31

Secretin function

Answer 31

Increase secretion of bile Increase pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate Decrease secretion of gastric acid

Question 32

Stimulation of secretin

Answer 32

Postprandial

Question 33

Inhibition of secretin

Answer 33

Somatostatin

Question 34

GIP cell types

Answer 34

K cells

Question 35

GIP function

Answer 35

Increases insulin secretion Decrease secretion of gastric acid

Question 36

Stimulation of GIP

Answer 36

Postprandial

Question 37

Inhibition of GIP

Answer 37

Fasting

Question 38

Motilin cell type

Answer 38

Mo cells

Question 39

Function of motilin

Answer 39

Produces migratory motor complexes

Question 40

Stimulation of motilin

Answer 40

Fasting

Question 41

Inhibition of motilin

Answer 41

Intake of food

Question 42

VIP cell release

Answer 42

Small intestine Gallbladder Parasympathetic neurons in sphincters APUD cells of pancreas

Question 43

Function of VIP

Answer 43

Increase secretion of water and electrolytes Increase relaxation of intestinal sphincters and smooth muscle

Question 44

Stimulation of VIP

Answer 44

Distension of stomach Vagal stimulation

Question 45

Inhibition of VIP

Answer 45

Sympathetic activity

Question 46

NO cell type

Answer 46

Epithelial cells Smooth muscle cells Neural cells

Question 47

Function of NO

Answer 47

Relaxation of smooth muscle and sphincters Improves circulation

Question 48

Ghrelin in Prader-Willi syndrome

Answer 48

Increased

Question 49

Ghrelin in gastric bypass surgery

Answer 49

Decreased

Question 50

Elevated serum gastrin levels supportive of what?

Answer 50

Atrophic gastritis ZES

Question 51

VIPoma manifestations

Answer 51

Watery diarrhoea Hypokalaemia Achlorhydria