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Basic Pharmacology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

how do we use hormonal drug therapy?

A

replace a hormone deficiency
prevent or reduce the formation or effects of an overactive hormone
test for the presence of an endocrine disease

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2
Q

what does corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulate?

A

synthesis and secretion of POMC and ACTH by pituitary corticotrophs

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3
Q

during a CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) stimulation test, how does a primary adrenal insufficiency show up?

A

high basal plasma immunoreactive ACTH concentrations and show exaggerated responses to CRH

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4
Q

during a CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) stimulation test, how does a secondary adrenal insufficiency show up?

A

undetectable basal plasma concentrations of ACTH that do not increase after CRH stimulation

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5
Q

what does ACTH stimulate?

A

secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and adrenal androgens

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6
Q

why is an ACTH stimulation test performed?

A

to distinguish between adrenocortical hyperplasia and adrenocortical neoplasia in dogs, cats, and horses

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7
Q

what is trilostane?

A

a steroidogenesis inhibitor (3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)

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8
Q

what is mitotane?

A

chlorinated hydrocarbon (derivative of DDT)

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9
Q

what is mitotane specific for?

A

adrenal glands, particularly hyperplasia gland

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10
Q

why is a TRH test performed?

A

to diagnose pituitary and thyroid disease

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11
Q

why is a TSH test performed?

A

thyroid disease
hypothyroidism

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12
Q

what does a TRH test evaluate?

A

pituitary’s responsiveness to TRH as manifested by the change in serum TSH

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13
Q

what is the most common endocrine disease in dogs?

A

hypothyroidism

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14
Q

what does a TSH test evaluate?

A

thyroid responsiveness to TSH by change in serum T4

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15
Q

what is the most common endocrine disease in cats?

A

hyperthyroidism

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16
Q

what are the signs of hyperthyroidism?

A

weight loss, increased appetite, increased thirst and urination
+/- vomiting, diarrhea, hyperactivity
coat may appear unkempt, matted or greasy

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17
Q

what is hypothyroidism treated with?

A

thyroid hormone replacement

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18
Q

what is the first choice for treating hypothyroidism?

A

Levothyroxine (L-T4)

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19
Q

how is hyperthyroidism treated?

A

antithyroid drugs

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20
Q

what do goitrogens do?

A

inhibit thyroid peroxidase (TPO)- catalyzed iodination

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21
Q

what do thioureylenes or thionamides do?

A

directly inhibit TPO

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22
Q

what are the primary adverse effects of the treatment for hyperthyroidism?

A

anorexia
vomiting
lethargy

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23
Q

what are the treatment options for hyperthyroidism?

A

goitrogens
thioureylenes or thionamides
radioactive iodine therapy
surgery

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24
Q

which neurons secrete growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)?

A

neurons in arcuate nucleus

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25
what synthesizes and secretes growth hormone?
somatotrophs
26
what stimulates growth hormone releasing hormone?
ghrelin
27
what are the therapeutic uses of somatotropin (growth hormone)?
pituitary dwarfism more uses in large animals
28
what are some therapeutic uses of somatotropin (growth hormone) in large animals?
cattle, lamb, and pig to improve growth rates and protein/fat ratio improve fertilization rate, accelerate embryo development and improve embryo survival increase milk production in the cow
29
what are the posterior pituitary hormons?
vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) oxytocin
30
where is antidiuretic hormone synthesized?
hypothalamus
31
what are the adverse effects in dogs of somatotropin (growth hormone)?
diabetes mellitus
32
what does antidiuretic hormone regulate?
water permeability of the distal tubules and collecting duct of the nephron
33
what is diabetes insipidus (DI) caused by?
deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (central DI) or absence of renal response to ADH (nephrogenic DI)
34
what is the therapeutic use of antidiuretic hormone?
central diabetes insipidus
35
how is oxytocin used?
induce milk letdown and uterine contraction induction of parturition and treatment of pyometra
36
what are the two primary hypothalamic hormones for reproduction?
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) prolactin-inhibitory hormone, dopamine
37
what does gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulate?
release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
38
what is gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) used for?
induce ovulation or follicular luteinization suppress gonadotropin secretion (medical castration)
39
what is gonadorelin?
synthetic GnRH
40
what is the action of gonadorelin?
stimulate synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH by interaction with the GnRH receptors in the pituitary
41
what does LH do to testicular leydig cells?
stimulates them to synthesize androgens (testosterone)
42
what does FSH do in males?
acts on sertoli cells to stimulate production of proteins and nutrients required for regulation of sperm production and maturation
43
are there primary therapeutic uses for prolactin?
no
44
how is hCG used?
infertility therapy in horses cystic ovaries in cows follicle development in pigs male infertility due to impotence in stallion induction of pseudopregnancy in cats and fertile estrus in dogs (hCG then eCG)
45
what does oxytocin do?
stimulates frequency and force of uterine contraction plays a role in milk ejection
46
what are the clinical uses of oxytocin?
induce labor milk letdown persistent postmating endometritis (mare) inhibition of cyclicity (mare)
47
what does removal of progestin do?
initiates a new estrous cycle and ovulation
48
what is the primary circulating androgen in males?
testosterone
49
what is finasteride?
irreversible 5alpha-reductase inhibitor
50
what is regular insulin used to treat?
primarily ketoacidosis
51
what hormones are produced by the pars distalis?
growth hormone luteinizing hormone follicle stimulating hormone ACTH prolactin thyrotropin stimulating hormone
52
what does the posterior/rostral lobe of the pituitary gland do?
stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced in the hypothalamus
53
why is trilostane used in cushings?
inhibits production of corticosteroids such as cortisol and aldosterone
54
what does mitotane do?
adrenocorticolytic: progressive necrosis of the zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, and zona glomerulosa
55
what does thyrotropin releasing hormone lead to?
thyrotropin stimulating hormone, which stimulates the thyroid to release T4
56
what does the TRH and TSH stimulation test evaluate?
thyroid responsiveness to TSH by change in serum T4
57
what is a TSH stimulation test used to confirm?
hypothyroidism
58
what are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism?
loss or thinning of fur dull hair coat excess shedding or scaling weight gain reduced activity reduced ability to tolerate cold
59
what are the clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?
weight loss increased appetite pu/pd +/- vomiting, diarrhea, hyperactivity coat may appear unkempt, matted, or greasy
60
how frequent is toxicity from levothyroxine (L-T4)?
rare: efficiently cleared by biliary and fecal excretion
61
what are the most commonly used antithyroid drugs?
thionamides (methimazole and carbimazole)
62
what is growth hormone releasing hormone stimulated by?
ghrelin
63
what does growth hormone releasing hormone stimulate?
synthesis and secretion of growth hormone by somatotrophs
64
what inhibits growth hormone releasing hormone?
somatostatin
65
what are somatostatin analogues used for?
manage pituitary disorders: acromegaly, gastrinoma, pancreatic beta cell tumors, glucagonoma
66
what is used to treat acromegaly specifically?
pegvisomant: growth hormone receptor antagonist
67
how does antidiuretic hormone influence cardiovascular function?
vasoconstrictor
68
antidiuretic hormone is synthesized by the _________________ and secreted via the __________________________
hypothalamus neurohypophyseal system
69
what are the uses of gonadorelin?
ovulation induction cystic ovaries estrus synchronization timed embryo transfer protocol terminate estrus in induced ovulators and ferrets long-acting GnRH agonists inhibit cyclicity in domestic dogs and cats
70
what do FSH and LH do in females?
stimulate the growth and development of ovarian follicles LH induces ovulation and stimulates the developing corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
71
what is human chorionic gonadotropin used for?
infertility therapy in horses cystic ovaries in cows follicle development in pigs male infertility due to impotence in stallion induction of pseudopregnancy in cats and fertile estrus in dogs
72
what is equine chorionic gonadotropin used for?
stimulate ovarian follicular growth in anestrous sheep or goat induction of ovulation and formation of corpus luteum follicle development in pigs induction of pseudopregnancy in cats and fertile estrus in dogs
73
what are drugs that inhibit prolactin used for?
termination of pregnancy treatment of pseudopregancy pyometra estrus induction in dogs and cats
74
why are estrogens not used in food animals?
concerns over food residues in meat
75
where does progesterone act?
progesterone receptors in hypothalamus and pituitary: increase negative feedback and decrease FSH and LH output
76
who is long-acting insulin used in?
dogs and cats
77
who is intermediate-acting insulin used in?
dogs

Basic Pharmacology (37 decks)

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