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Basic Pharmacology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

how do we use hormonal drug therapy?

A

replace a hormone deficiency
prevent or reduce the formation or effects of an overactive hormone
test for the presence of an endocrine disease

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2
Q

what does corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulate?

A

synthesis and secretion of POMC and ACTH by pituitary corticotrophs

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3
Q

during a CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) stimulation test, how does a primary adrenal insufficiency show up?

A

high basal plasma immunoreactive ACTH concentrations and show exaggerated responses to CRH

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4
Q

during a CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) stimulation test, how does a secondary adrenal insufficiency show up?

A

undetectable basal plasma concentrations of ACTH that do not increase after CRH stimulation

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5
Q

what does ACTH stimulate?

A

secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and adrenal androgens

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6
Q

why is an ACTH stimulation test performed?

A

to distinguish between adrenocortical hyperplasia and adrenocortical neoplasia in dogs, cats, and horses

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7
Q

what is trilostane?

A

a steroidogenesis inhibitor (3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)

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8
Q

what is mitotane?

A

chlorinated hydrocarbon (derivative of DDT)

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9
Q

what is mitotane specific for?

A

adrenal glands, particularly hyperplasia gland

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10
Q

why is a TRH test performed?

A

to diagnose pituitary and thyroid disease

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11
Q

why is a TSH test performed?

A

thyroid disease
hypothyroidism

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12
Q

what does a TRH test evaluate?

A

pituitary’s responsiveness to TRH as manifested by the change in serum TSH

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13
Q

what is the most common endocrine disease in dogs?

A

hypothyroidism

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14
Q

what does a TSH test evaluate?

A

thyroid responsiveness to TSH by change in serum T4

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15
Q

what is the most common endocrine disease in cats?

A

hyperthyroidism

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16
Q

what are the signs of hyperthyroidism?

A

weight loss, increased appetite, increased thirst and urination
+/- vomiting, diarrhea, hyperactivity
coat may appear unkempt, matted or greasy

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17
Q

what is hypothyroidism treated with?

A

thyroid hormone replacement

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18
Q

what is the first choice for treating hypothyroidism?

A

Levothyroxine (L-T4)

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19
Q

how is hyperthyroidism treated?

A

antithyroid drugs

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20
Q

what do goitrogens do?

A

inhibit thyroid peroxidase (TPO)- catalyzed iodination

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21
Q

what do thioureylenes or thionamides do?

A

directly inhibit TPO

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22
Q

what are the primary adverse effects of the treatment for hyperthyroidism?

A

anorexia
vomiting
lethargy

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23
Q

what are the treatment options for hyperthyroidism?

A

goitrogens
thioureylenes or thionamides
radioactive iodine therapy
surgery

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24
Q

which neurons secrete growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)?

A

neurons in arcuate nucleus

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25
Q

what synthesizes and secretes growth hormone?

A

somatotrophs

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26
Q

what stimulates growth hormone releasing hormone?

A

ghrelin

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27
Q

what are the therapeutic uses of somatotropin (growth hormone)?

A

pituitary dwarfism
more uses in large animals

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28
Q

what are some therapeutic uses of somatotropin (growth hormone) in large animals?

A

cattle, lamb, and pig to improve growth rates and protein/fat ratio
improve fertilization rate, accelerate embryo development and improve embryo survival
increase milk production in the cow

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29
Q

what are the posterior pituitary hormons?

A

vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
oxytocin

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30
Q

where is antidiuretic hormone synthesized?

A

hypothalamus

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31
Q

what are the adverse effects in dogs of somatotropin (growth hormone)?

A

diabetes mellitus

32
Q

what does antidiuretic hormone regulate?

A

water permeability of the distal tubules and collecting duct of the nephron

33
Q

what is diabetes insipidus (DI) caused by?

A

deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (central DI) or absence of renal response to ADH (nephrogenic DI)

34
Q

what is the therapeutic use of antidiuretic hormone?

A

central diabetes insipidus

35
Q

how is oxytocin used?

A

induce milk letdown and uterine contraction
induction of parturition and treatment of pyometra

36
Q

what are the two primary hypothalamic hormones for reproduction?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
prolactin-inhibitory hormone, dopamine

37
Q

what does gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulate?

A

release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

38
Q

what is gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) used for?

A

induce ovulation or follicular luteinization
suppress gonadotropin secretion (medical castration)

39
Q

what is gonadorelin?

A

synthetic GnRH

40
Q

what is the action of gonadorelin?

A

stimulate synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH by interaction with the GnRH receptors in the pituitary

41
Q

what does LH do to testicular leydig cells?

A

stimulates them to synthesize androgens (testosterone)

42
Q

what does FSH do in males?

A

acts on sertoli cells to stimulate production of proteins and nutrients required for regulation of sperm production and maturation

43
Q

are there primary therapeutic uses for prolactin?

A

no

44
Q

how is hCG used?

A

infertility therapy in horses
cystic ovaries in cows
follicle development in pigs
male infertility due to impotence in stallion
induction of pseudopregnancy in cats and fertile estrus in dogs (hCG then eCG)

45
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

stimulates frequency and force of uterine contraction
plays a role in milk ejection

46
Q

what are the clinical uses of oxytocin?

A

induce labor
milk letdown
persistent postmating endometritis (mare)
inhibition of cyclicity (mare)

47
Q

what does removal of progestin do?

A

initiates a new estrous cycle and ovulation

48
Q

what is the primary circulating androgen in males?

A

testosterone

49
Q

what is finasteride?

A

irreversible 5alpha-reductase inhibitor

50
Q

what is regular insulin used to treat?

A

primarily ketoacidosis

51
Q

what hormones are produced by the pars distalis?

A

growth hormone
luteinizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
ACTH
prolactin
thyrotropin stimulating hormone

52
Q

what does the posterior/rostral lobe of the pituitary gland do?

A

stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced in the hypothalamus

53
Q

why is trilostane used in cushings?

A

inhibits production of corticosteroids such as cortisol and aldosterone

54
Q

what does mitotane do?

A

adrenocorticolytic: progressive necrosis of the zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, and zona glomerulosa

55
Q

what does thyrotropin releasing hormone lead to?

A

thyrotropin stimulating hormone, which stimulates the thyroid to release T4

56
Q

what does the TRH and TSH stimulation test evaluate?

A

thyroid responsiveness to TSH by change in serum T4

57
Q

what is a TSH stimulation test used to confirm?

A

hypothyroidism

58
Q

what are the clinical signs of hypothyroidism?

A

loss or thinning of fur
dull hair coat
excess shedding or scaling
weight gain
reduced activity
reduced ability to tolerate cold

59
Q

what are the clinical signs of hyperthyroidism?

A

weight loss
increased appetite
pu/pd
+/- vomiting, diarrhea, hyperactivity
coat may appear unkempt, matted, or greasy

60
Q

how frequent is toxicity from levothyroxine (L-T4)?

A

rare: efficiently cleared by biliary and fecal excretion

61
Q

what are the most commonly used antithyroid drugs?

A

thionamides (methimazole and carbimazole)

62
Q

what is growth hormone releasing hormone stimulated by?

A

ghrelin

63
Q

what does growth hormone releasing hormone stimulate?

A

synthesis and secretion of growth hormone by somatotrophs

64
Q

what inhibits growth hormone releasing hormone?

A

somatostatin

65
Q

what are somatostatin analogues used for?

A

manage pituitary disorders: acromegaly, gastrinoma, pancreatic beta cell tumors, glucagonoma

66
Q

what is used to treat acromegaly specifically?

A

pegvisomant: growth hormone receptor antagonist

67
Q

how does antidiuretic hormone influence cardiovascular function?

A

vasoconstrictor

68
Q

antidiuretic hormone is synthesized by the _________________ and secreted via the __________________________

A

hypothalamus
neurohypophyseal system

69
Q

what are the uses of gonadorelin?

A

ovulation induction
cystic ovaries
estrus synchronization
timed embryo transfer protocol
terminate estrus in induced ovulators and ferrets
long-acting GnRH agonists inhibit cyclicity in domestic dogs and cats

70
Q

what do FSH and LH do in females?

A

stimulate the growth and development of ovarian follicles
LH induces ovulation and stimulates the developing corpus luteum to secrete progesterone

71
Q

what is human chorionic gonadotropin used for?

A

infertility therapy in horses
cystic ovaries in cows
follicle development in pigs
male infertility due to impotence in stallion
induction of pseudopregnancy in cats and fertile estrus in dogs

72
Q

what is equine chorionic gonadotropin used for?

A

stimulate ovarian follicular growth in anestrous sheep or goat
induction of ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
follicle development in pigs
induction of pseudopregnancy in cats and fertile estrus in dogs

73
Q

what are drugs that inhibit prolactin used for?

A

termination of pregnancy
treatment of pseudopregancy
pyometra
estrus induction in dogs and cats

74
Q

why are estrogens not used in food animals?

A

concerns over food residues in meat

75
Q

where does progesterone act?

A

progesterone receptors in hypothalamus and pituitary: increase negative feedback and decrease FSH and LH output

76
Q

who is long-acting insulin used in?

A

dogs and cats

77
Q

who is intermediate-acting insulin used in?

A

dogs

Basic Pharmacology (37 decks)

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