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Basic Pharmacology > Antiparasitics > Flashcards

Antiparasitics Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mechanism of action of pyrethrins/pyrethroids?

A

neurotoxins

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2
Q

what does it mean that pyrethrins/pyrethroids are broad spectrum?

A

effective against insects and arachnoids

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3
Q

who should you not use pyrethrins/pyrethroids in?

A

puppies
kittens
debilitated animals

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4
Q

what are the signs of pyrethrin/pyrethroid toxicity in cats?

A

tremors
seizures
ataxia
death

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5
Q

what is the mechanism of action of organophosphates and carbamates?

A

inhibit acetylcholinesterase

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6
Q

what is the spectrum of organophosphates and carbamates?

A

broad: insects and arachnids

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7
Q

what signs are seen with overdose of organophosphates and carbamates?

A

SLUD signs +/- nicotinic effects: twitching, weakness, paralysis

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8
Q

what is the antidote of organophosphate or carbamate overdose?

A

2-PAM for organophosphates only
atropine for all

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9
Q

what is toxicity of formamidine (amitraz) due to?

A

alpha2-adrenergic agonism

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10
Q

who is formamidines (amitraz) not recommended in?

A

cats

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11
Q

what are neonicotinoids effective against?

A

adult fleas

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12
Q

what are some common neonicotinoids?

A

imidacloprid
spinosad
nitenpyram

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13
Q

which neonicotinoid is a P-glycoprotein inhibitor?

A

spinosad

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14
Q

who are neonicotinoids used in?

A

cats and dogs

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15
Q

what are the main indications for fipronil?

A

kill adult fleas: 24hours
kill ticks: 48hours

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16
Q

how is fipronil given?

A

topically to dogs and cats

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17
Q

what is one insect growth regulator?

A

lufenuron: chitin synthesis inhibitor

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18
Q

how do isoxazolines work?

A

neurotoxins: GABA antagonists

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19
Q

what do isoxazolines work against?

A

fleas and ticks
extralabel: Demodex, Sarcoptes, Otodectes

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20
Q

what isoxazolines are approved for cats?

A

topical fluralaner

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21
Q

what do benzimidazoles work against?

A

nematodes
cestodes
some trematodes
broad spectrum
protozoa- less common use (Giardia)

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22
Q

what are some benzimidazoles?

A

febantel (pro-drug)
fenbendazole

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23
Q

how does pyrantel work?

A

neurotoxin: cholinergic agonist

24
Q

what is pyrantel effective against?

A

roundworms
hookworms
not whipworms or tapeworms

25
Q

how safe is pyrantel?

A

very safe

26
Q

what drug is used to deworm puppies and kittens?

A

pyrantel
start at 2 weeks of age, repeat every 2 weeks until 8 weeks old

27
Q

why should you be careful of using pyrantel in horses? what other product can we use instead?

A

heavy ascarid burden: rapid kill can cause obstruction
fenbendazole is safer

28
Q

what do isoquinolones work against?

A

cestodes and trematodes

29
Q

what is a common isoquinolone?

A

praziquantel

30
Q

deworm horses annually for Anoplocephala with ________________ or ________________ (double dose for tapeworms)

A

praziquantel
pyrantel

31
Q

what is clorsulon: benzene sulfonamide used for?

A

liver flukes in cattle

32
Q

what are macrocyclic lactones such as ivermectin and moxidectin used for?

A

nematodes
fleas
ticks
flies
grubs
mites

33
Q

what things do macrocyclic lactones not work against?

A

flukes
tapeworms
biting lice

34
Q

what are some macrocyclic lactones?

A

ivermectin
moxidectin

35
Q

what are the two groups of macrocyclic lactones?

A

avermectins
milbemycins

36
Q

do avermectins or mibemycins get whipworms?

A

milbemycins do get whipworms

37
Q

how do macrocyclic lactones work?

A

neurotoxins

38
Q

which collies have higher chances of being MDR1 mutants?

A

australian shepherds
mini australian shepherds
collies
longhaired whippets

39
Q

ivermectin cannot penetrate mammalian CNS except in dogs with ______________________________ gene mutation

A

ABCB1 (previously known as MDR-1)

40
Q

what are the CNS signs of ivermectin toxicity?

A

depression
ataxia
stupor
progressing to coma
death

41
Q

can you use spinosad with ivermectin?

A

no
P-glycoprotein inhibitor

42
Q

what is the safety margin like of moxidectin for large animals?

A

narrower than other macrocyclic lactones

43
Q

what may overdosage of moxidectin in large animals result in?

A

serious adverse reactions (fatalities) in foals and miniature horses
never use in miniature horses

44
Q

what is the recommended heartworm disease treatment for dogs?

A

doxycycline (Wolbachia treatment) and a macrocyclic lactone prior to the three-dose regimen of melarsomine

45
Q

what is Haemonchus contortus?

A

problem in small ruminants: HOT complex
anemia and edema

46
Q

what is refugia?

A

the portion of parasites that remain unexposed to a dewormer

47
Q

what is emodepside?

A

octadesipeptide and new anthelminthic class effective against most GI nematodes
recommendation is to save for when parasitism is resistant to triple therapy with conventional agents

48
Q

what products should you be careful of using with cats?

A

pyrethroids
permethrins
formamidines not recommended for cats

49
Q

how toxic are insect growth regulators?

A

loe: mammals do not have chitin/insect hormones

50
Q

what is extra-label use of isoxazolines for?

A

demodex
sarcoptes
otodectes

51
Q

who are isoxazolines approved for?

A

dogs
only topical fluralaner approved in cats

52
Q

does pyrantel work against whipworms or tapeworms?

A

no

53
Q

what is the dosing regimen for deworming puppies and kittens?

A

start at 2 weeks of age
repeat every two weeks until 8 weeks

54
Q

do avermectins get whipworms?

A

no

55
Q

can you use moxidectin for large animals in miniature horses?

A

no

Basic Pharmacology (37 decks)

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