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Basic Pharmacology > Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the roles of chemotherapy?

A

systemic disease
adjuvant therapy of solid tumors
palliative care
cytotoxicity

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2
Q

what is important in veterinary conventional chemotherapy?

A

lower doses than in human therapy
goal is to prolong life but not cure
dogs have relatively high tolerances for chemotherapy associated nausea

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3
Q

what is chemotherapy the sole treatment for?

A

hematopoietic malignancies:
lymphoma
leukemia
multiple myeloma
mast cell disease

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4
Q

what is chemotherapy an adjuvant therapy for?

A

high metastatic rate tumors: hemangiosarcoma and osteosarcoma

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5
Q

chemotherapy drugs are ______________ by nature

A

cytotoxic

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6
Q

are most chemotherapy drugs selective or non-selective?

A

non-selective
kill any rapidly dividing cell

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7
Q

what does protocol mean in chemotherapy?

A

set sequence of drugs given to treat a disease

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8
Q

how is chemotherapy dosed?

A

meter squared basis mostly: correlated to metabolic rate
some mg/kg

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9
Q

why does chemotherapy cause gastrointestinal side effects?

A

highest turnover rate of any cell in body: basal columnar cells in crypts
each crypt produces 300-400 cells/day

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10
Q

what gastrointestinal side effects do we see with chemotherapy?

A

vomiting
diarrhea
3-7 days after chemotherapy

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11
Q

why does chemotherapy cause immune system damage?

A

neutrophils active 3-5 hours: short half life
constant replacement
causes gap in maturation sequence when due to be released into circulation

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12
Q

an animal is at risk for opportunistic infection when the neutrophil count is ___________________

A

less than 1000

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13
Q

what leads to sepsis with chemotherapy?

A

neutropenia tends to occur synchronously with gut disruption
translocation of pathogenic gut bacteria
neutropenia with diarrhea worsens risk for sepsis

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14
Q

what is the most life-threatening complication from chemotherapy?

A

sepsis

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15
Q

what doses are more likely to be associated with adverse effects?

A

higher doses

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16
Q

what are two drugs with biliary excretion?

A

vincristine and doxorubicin

17
Q

what does ABCB1-1delta (MDR1) code for?

A

p-glycoprotein

18
Q

what drugs does an ABCB1-1delta mutation complicate?

A

vincristine
vinblastine
doxorubicin
mitoxantrone
taxanes

19
Q

what has chronic exposure to hazardous drugs been associated?

A

serious health effects: decreased fertility, increased cancer risk

20
Q

what are needle free syringes for?

A

chemotherapy drugs

21
Q

what makes needle free syringes safe?

A

prevents accidental needle sticks
prevent aerosolization
minimizes potential exposure to hazardous drugs

22
Q

what are some OSHA requirements for administration of chemotherapy?

A

closed system transfer devices
hood: containment segregated compounding area

23
Q

what are some oral chemotherapies?

A

chlorambucil
lomustine
cyclophosphamide
melphalan

24
Q

what do chlorambucil and lomustine do?

A

damage DNA

25
Q

what can chronic use of chlorambucil lead to?

A

irreversible bone marrow damage- thrombocytopenia

26
Q

what is one non-chemo drug that can act like chemotherapy?

A

prednisone

27
Q

what does L-aspariganase do?

A

hydrolyzes asparagine to aspartic acid
inhibits protein synthesis

28
Q

how do we treat tumors?

A

multimodality approach
chemotherapy
radiation therapy
surgery
immunotherapy

29
Q

what characterizes gastrointestinal side effects from chemotherapy?

A

vomiting and diarrhea 3-7 days after chemotherapy
microbiome disruption with proliferation of pathogenic bacteria

30
Q

how long does it take to go from a promyelocyte to a neutrophil?

A

180 hours
7.5 days

31
Q

how is carboplatin excreted?

A

renal

32
Q

why is it important to know if a patient has a ABCB1 gene mutation for chemotherapy?

A

high risk of toxicity with chemotherapy

33
Q

what leads to apoptosis with chlorambucil?

A

DNA damage

34
Q

what cancers can L-aspariganase be used in?

A

lymphoma
leukemia

35
Q

what is a unique side effect of vincristine?

A

paralytic ileus due to neurotoxin

36
Q

what is sterile hemorrhagic cystitis due to?

A

acrolein accumulation within the bladder

37
Q

what does palladia target?

A

mutated c-kit

38
Q

what pathogens are common in sepsis with chemotherapy?

A

E. coli
Strep

39
Q

what is grade 4/severe toxicity neutropenia?

A

<500/microliter

Basic Pharmacology (37 decks)

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