Hoofdstuk 9 Flashcards
(43 cards)
hypothetical mediating variable
are constructs theorized as a mechanism to explain the link between a cause and an outcome, for example, an attitude intervening between an observable stimulus (S) and an observable response (R), providing the necessary connection.
attitude
an evaluation, though definitions vary. Attitudes broadly dispose people to respond positively or negatively, as inferred from their specific cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses.
a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, thing, or event. (google)
cognitive consistency theories
posit that inconsistencies – among cognitions, among affects, or between cognitions and affects – cause attitude change; cognitions may be general beliefs or beliefs about behavior.
metatheoretical
stands are major, overarching conceptual frameworks common to several theories of a certain type.
Dissonance theory
focuses on how inconsistency among cognitions causes a motivational state (dissonance) directed toward resolving that inconsistency.
selective perception
posits that attitudes shape encoding; it divides into selective exposure, selective attention, and selective interpretation.
selective exposure
seeks attitude-consistent information not already present.
selective attention
heeds attitude-consistent information already present.
selective interpretation
translates ambiguous information to be consistent with attitudes.
de facto selective exposure
describes an environment biased toward attitude-consistent information.
spreading the alternatives
a dissonance-reduction process, describes how people justify their choices by reinterpreting their chosen alternative as clearly superior, emphasizing its virtues and downplaying its flaws while doing the reverse for nonchosen alternatives.
balance theory
describes structures in the perceiver’s mind representing the perceiver (P), another person (O), and the mutual attitude object (X).
Dual attitudes
comprise an older, automatic attitude and the newer, explicitly accessible attitude
associative-propositional evaluation model
attitudes combines implicit associative and deliberative propositional representations of attitudes.
(accounts for dissociations by conceptualizing implicit and explicit evaluations as the outcomes of two qualitatively distinct processes (google))
multiple sufficient causes
Given several plausible causes, the weaker ones are discounted
covariation model of attribution (also called the ANOVA model)
a normative model of causal inference, drawing on distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency information.
risky shift (one direction of group polarization)
describes a group decision riskier than the average of the individual decisions, as a result of discussion.
group polarization
describes a group decision more extreme than the average of the individual decisions, as a result of discussion
normative influences
describe attitude (or behavior) change due to perceived norms and values.
informational influence
describes attitude (or behavior) change that relies on a cognitive interpretation of the group’s beliefs.
Persuasive arguments theory
proposes that attitudes in groups polarize toward relatively extreme (cautious or risky) alternatives when people are exposed to new information.
social comparison theory
posits that people evaluate their position relative to similar others doing better or worse.
self-categorization theories
builds on social identity theory (without the self-esteem predictions); proposing that people categorize themselves and others into distinct social groups, ingroup and outgroup members. SCT posits that social identities determine intergroup behavior because people act as group members, categorized by normative fit, and comparative fit in the
meta-contrast ratio.
Agent based modeling
usually in a computer simulation, represents the distributions of individual units with particular characteristics (various attitudes, knowledge, goals, physical positions) all interacting with each other as autonomous actors to produce emergent outcome patterns.
