Hoofdstuk 3

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

transforming a perceived external stimulus into an internal representation

Question 2

Attention

Answer 2

focuses on the contents of consciousness, including encoding external material and retrieving material from memory, characterized by both direction (selectivity) and intensity (effort).

Question 3

Salience

Answer 3

how much particular stimuli stand out relative to others in their environment.

Question 4

Vividness

Answer 4

constitutes the inherent attention-getting features of a stimulus regardless of environment, predicted to be emotionally interesting, imagery-provoking, and proximate.

Question 5

Accessibility

Answer 5

how attention is primed for categories and concepts that fit what people have thought about recently or frequently.

Question 6

direct perception

Answer 6

perception unmediated by cognitive processing, is local, feature-oriented, piecemeal.

Question 7

global

Answer 7

perceptually integrates across the whole, rather than a local, feature oriented, piecemeal process.

Question 8

feature-oriented processing

Answer 8

separate focus on each aspect (eg. on eyes, nose, mouth, chin, etc.)

Question 9

verbal overshadowing

Answer 9

invokes a local, feature-by-feature process in describing a face, which ironically interferes with recognizing it later.

Question 10

ecological perspective

Answer 10

examines how people make specific inferences from physical features of the stimulus configuration, unmediated by cognition.

Question 11

Mediation

Answer 11

connects between stimulus inputs or other antecedents and response outputs or other consequences

Question 12

Priming

Answer 12

describes the effects of prior context on the interpretation of new information, that is, the impact of a recently or frequently activated category on the processing of category-relevant information, typically interpreted in terms of category accessibility, within declarative (associative network) memory.

Question 13

experimental demand

Answer 13

describes a variety of ways that a method, setting, or personnel may inadvertently communicate the hypothesis or otherwise channel participant responses to confirm the hypothesis. Features of the situation, experimenter–participant interaction, or measures can inadvertently constrain expected behavior.

Question 14

procedural priming

Answer 14

makes some relevant processes more accessible than others.

Question 15

assimilation

Answer 15

a cognitive process in which we take new information and experiences and incorporate them into our pre-existing ideas or worldview

Question 16

contrast effects

Answer 16

a specific reaction opposite to a more general prior concept

/ (when people are blatantly primed with a trait, they may instead contrast their judgment of the ambiguous
target)

Question 17

selective accessibility model of assimilation and contrast

Answer 17

addressing conscious comparisons, assumes accessibility is flexible (controllable) and specific to the current judgment (rather than general semantic priming).

Question 18

chronicity

Answer 18

reflects dimensions that are frequently accessed or permanently primed, which may become central aspects of one’s personality.

Question 19

affords

Answer 19

what the environment offers the individual

Question 20

attuned

Answer 20

describes how reactive a person is to particular stimulus properties

Question 21

affordances

Answer 21

perceived action possibilities for a specific perceiver in a specific setting