Hoofdstuk 5

Question 1

self-concept

Answer 1

the collection of beliefs we hold about ourselves.

Question 2

person-situation interaction

Answer 2

the combination of individual and contextual contributions,

including different impressions of someone in particular contexts.

Question 3

norm

Answer 3

(a) informal rules for conduct (normative influences) in a given group; and (b) ideal
(normative-model) responses to a decision problem, using all relevant information in unbiased fashion. Respectively, one is a social ideal; the other is an epistemic ideal.

Question 4

working self-concept

Answer 4

the currently active aspect of the self-concept that influences
ongoing thought and behavior depending on which aspect of the self
is accessible.

Question 5

relational self

Answer 5

links the self-concept to mental representations of significant others

Question 6

transference

Answer 6

occurs when activation of the mental representations of a significant
other evokes the relational self with that significant other, including
expectations that a person resembling the significant other will be
similar and evoke similar emotions and behavior.

Question 7

self-schemas

Answer 7

cognitive-affective structures that represent the self’s qualities in a given domain with clarity and certainty.

Question 8

Possible and feared selves

Answer 8

selves we would like to become and that we fear becoming

Question 9

Interpreter

Answer 9

a hypothetical neural module that integrates diverse self-relevant processing in different parts of the brain to create that sense of self that most of us experience subjectively; it appears to emerge from the functions of the left hemisphere

Question 10

self-esteem

Answer 10

the evaluation we make of ourselves; see state self-esteem and
trait self-esteem.

Question 11

sociometer

Answer 11

describes self-esteem as a general indicator of how one is doing in the
eyes of others.

Question 12

Implicit self-esteem

Answer 12

measured by indirect indicators of self-value.

Question 13

contingencies of self-worth

Answer 13

describe people being selective about the domains on which they base
their self-esteem.

Question 14

independent self

Answer 14

sees the self as a unique, autonomous, agentic (originator of action), bounded, coherent whole, contrasting with other individuals and with the context; this view occurs most clearly in Western settings.

Question 15

interdependent self

Answer 15

sees oneself as part of encompassing social relationships and adjusts one’s behavior to what one perceives to be the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others in the relationship; this occurs most clearly in Asian, Southern European, and Latin American cultures.

Question 16

amae

Answer 16

the Japanese experience of being lovingly cared for and dependent on another’s indulgence.

Question 17

Self-regulation

Answer 17

refers to the ways people control and direct their own actions, emotions, and thoughts, especially how people formulate and pursue goals; it includes higher-order executive control of lower-order processes responsible for the planning and execution of behavior.

Question 18

behavioral activation system (BAS)

Answer 18

an appetitive system, promoting approach-oriented rewarding

goals.

Question 19

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Answer 19

an aversive system, preventing negative outcomes by avoiding

action.

Question 20

self-guides

Answer 20

influence gaps that result from a shortfall between one’s current self
and one’s ideal self, or one’s ought self.

Question 21

ideal self

Answer 21

who one wants to be (goals, hopes, and dreams).

Question 22

ought self

Answer 22

who one thinks one should be (obligations and duties).

Question 23

promotion focus

Answer 23

follows goals and involves behavioral activation

Question 24

prevention focus

Answer 24

avoids negative outcomes and inhibits behavior.

Question 25

regulatory fit

Answer 25

describes a match between the goals pursued (activation/inhibition)
and regulatory orientation (promotion/prevention).

Question 26

Self-efficacy

Answer 26

beliefs refer to specific expectations about one’s own abilities to
accomplish specific tasks.

Question 27

personal control

Answer 27

a sense of general mastery enables people to plan, cope with setbacks, and pursue self-regulatory activities.

Question 28

self-awareness

Answer 28

the state of being focused on self, thereby evaluating behavior against a standard and subsequently adjusting to meet the
standard.

Question 29

cybernetic theory of self-regulation

Answer 29

the feedback process by which people try to conform to a salient standard, evaluate own behavior against it, decide that the behavior either matches the standard or does not, and continue adjusting and comparing until meeting the standard or giving up.

Question 30

hedonic emotions

Answer 30

explicitly reflect on short-term concerns of the self, as in shame.

Question 31

self-conscious emotions

Answer 31

reflect on the long-term concerns of the self (as in guilt).

Question 32

self-verification

Answer 32

asserts people want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs and feelings about themselves

Question 33

upward social comparisons

Answer 33

judge self against more fortunate others, at best inspiring and at worst, demoralizing.

Question 34

positive illusions

Answer 34

self-perceptions that are falsely positive and somewhat exaggerated with respect to one’s actual abilities, talents, and social skills; overestimating control; and unrealistically optimistic about the future.

Question 35

downward social comparisons

Answer 35

judge self against less-fortunate others, either enhancing the self as superior or threatening the self with a fall.

Question 36

self-enhancing

Answer 36

motivates viewing the self positively or at least sympathetically as improvable.

Question 37

Social validation

Answer 37

describes being accepted for who we are.

Question 38

Self-affirmation

Answer 38

maintains that people cope with threats to their self-worth by endorsing other, unrelated aspects of themselves, thereby addressing self-enhancement needs.

Question 39

self-evaluation maintenance

Answer 39

suggests that people facilitate and maintain their positive self-regard when they deal with the performance of people around them with whom they might compare themselves.

Question 40

Terror management theory

Answer 40

how people cope with the dread of death when it comes to mind. TMT holds that people are biologically driven for self-preservation, and the threat of death is managed at both the cultural level, by developing worldviews that provide meaning and purpose, and at the individual level, through self-esteem.

Question 41

depth of processing

Answer 41

accounts maintain that self-relevant information (or any more involving process) leaves a richer, more interconnected, and more enduring memory trace than a simpler more superficial form of processing.

Question 42

Simulation theory

Answer 42

describes people inferring the mental states of others by imagining their own thoughts, emotions, or behaviors in a similar setting.

Question 43

Social projection

Answer 43

refers to people estimating their own preferences, traits, problems, activities, and attitudes to be characteristic of others, or at least more characteristic of others than the evidence warrants.