Hoofdstuk 1

Question 1

Social cognition

Answer 1

comprises all the processes that people use to make sense of each other, in order to coordinate in their social world.

Question 2

Phenomenology

Answer 2

systematically description of how ordinary people say they experience their world

Question 3

naive psychology

Answer 3

ordinary people’s everyday theories about each other.

Question 4

configural model

Answer 4

developed by Asch, hypothesizes that people form a unified overall impression of other people; the Gestalt unifying forces shape individual elements to fit together (see holistic approaches).

Question 5

algebraic model

Answer 5

described but not endorsed by Asch, evaluates each individual trait, in isolation, and combines the evaluations into a summary evaluation (see elemental approach).

Question 6

elemental approach

Answer 6

break scientific problems down into pieces and analyze the pieces in separate detail before combining them.

Question 7

holistic approach

Answer 7

analyze the pieces in the context of other pieces and focus on the entire configuration of relationships among them.

Question 8

psychological field

Answer 8

a configuration of subjectively driving and restraining motivational forces.

Question 9

introspection

Answer 9

is a method that relies on people’s own reports of their internal cognitive processes (the how, not the what or contents, for which see think-aloud protocols).

Question 10

behaviorist psychology

Answer 10

approaches, especially to learning, examine stimulus–response relationships without positing intervening cognitions; only overt, measurable acts are sufficiently valid objects for empirical scrutiny.

Question 11

Information processing

Answer 11

breaks down mental operations into sequential cognitive stages.

Question 12

Category learning

Answer 12

The process of establishing a memory trace that improves the efficiency of assigning novel objects to contrasting groups

Question 13

episodic memory

Answer 13

represents specific events as part of declarative long-term memory.

Question 14

neuropsychology

Answer 14

considers personal and social lives of patients with brain impairments.

Question 15

consistency seekers

Answer 15

a 1950s–60s perspective on social thinkers, in this case primarily motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions, as in dissonance theory.

Question 16

naive scientist

Answer 16

describes the normative (idealized) assumption that people are essentially rational problem solvers with a few acknowledged biases. This view of social thinker, prominent in the 1970s, constructed optimal models of people as logical information-seekers, to assess whether and when they approximate the ideal.

Question 17

Attribution theories

Answer 17

describe people’s causal analyses of (attributions about) the social world, mostly as due to the target’s dispositions or situations.

Question 18

Shortcuts

Answer 18

a general term for any social perceiver strategy that substitutes simpler processes for more complex, effortful ones.

Question 19

cognitive miser

Answer 19

prominent in the 1980s, holds that people are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts, which lead to often good-enough but sometimes deeply flawed results.

Question 20

motivated tactician

Answer 20

refers to people’s tendency to rely on relatively automatic processes or alternatively on more effortful ones, depending on the situational and motivational demands. The motivated tactician models view people as fully engaged thinkers with multiple cognitive strategies available, who (consciously or unconsciously) choose among them based on goals, motives, and needs.

Question 21

activated actors

Answer 21

prominent in the 2000s, view social environments as rapidly cuing perceivers’ social concepts, without awareness, and almost inevitably triggering associated cognitions, evaluations, affect, motivation, and behavior.

Question 22

Mentalism

Answer 22

the belief in the importance of cognitive representation

Question 23

cognitive process

Answer 23

how mental elements form, operate, and change over time.

Question 24

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 24

records re-oxygenizing blood flow to just-activated brain areas.

Question 25

electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 25

records neural event-related potentials, that is voltage fluctuation on the scalp, detecting neural activity.

Question 26

electromyography (EMG)

Answer 26

(in social cognition, mostly facial) records voltage changes on skin over muscles, so their activity.

Question 27

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 27

uses electromagnetic induction that stimulates or inhibits brain regions, allowing causal inferences from the experimental manipulation.

Question 28

cardiovascular activity & electrodermal response

Answer 28

(CV) indexes cardiac output, ventricle activity, total peripheral resistance. & measures electro-conductance to assess skin moisture (also galvanic skin response (GSR), skin conductance).

Question 29

immune functioning

Answer 29

assays track specific immune cells and system operation.

Question 30

Genetic analyses

Answer 30

the study of a sample of DNA to look at differences, or variants, that may increase an individual’s risk for disease or impact drug responses. (combined with environment, detect their interactive links to social cognition).

Question 31

medial prefrontal cortex

Answer 31

is an anterior neocortical brain region along the vertical midline, implicated in many, if not most, social cognition processes, as well as other tasks, and perhaps the resting state, in which participant thoughts are unmanipulated and unknown.

Question 32

fusiform face area

Answer 32

part of the brain’s temporal lobe, is known in social cognition for its sensitivity to human faces.

Question 33

theory of mind

Answer 33

describes people’s (especially children’s) everyday understanding of the contents of another’s mind, especially beliefs and knowledge. It focuses on ordinary people’s perception that other people have beliefs, intentions, and personalities distinct from their own minds.

Question 34

dorsal

Answer 34

the brain’s upper surface and areas located upward relative to another area

Question 35

anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 35

the forward part of the brain’s cingulate cortex, which itself wraps around the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres. The ACC is implicated in social-cognition-relevant tasks such as discrepancy detection and shifting from automatic to controlled processes in regulating behavior, shown in both social and physical pain.

Question 36

posterior

Answer 36

relatively far back areas of the brain

Question 37

WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic)

Answer 37

acronym critiquing psychology’s predominant research samples as Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic, and therefore culturally unrepresentative of most of the human population.

Question 38

Independent

Answer 38

models view people as autonomous actors without much social connection.

Question 39

Interdependent

Answer 39

models recognize people’s connection to each other as needing each other for important outcomes

Question 40

superior temporal sulcus

Answer 40

is the indentation in the temporal lobe that separates its upper (superior) and middle areas; STS is implicated in perceptions of biological motion, trajectory, and intent.

Question 41

Anterior

Answer 41

describes relatively forward areas of the brain