Hoofdstuk 12

Question 1

Emotional prejudice

Answer 1

beyond positive–negative evaluation (attitudes), include distinct emotions such as fear, disgust, envy, pity, anxiety, and resentment.

Question 2

stereotype content model (SCM)

Answer 2

posits two fundamental dimensions of social cognition, warmth (friendly, trustworthy) and competence (capability), with groups arrayed across the two-dimensional space.

Question 3

BIAS (Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes) map

Answer 3

extends the stereotype content model into discriminatory actions.

predicts that emotions more strongly and directly predict behaviors (google)

Question 4

Intergroup emotions theory (IET)

Answer 4

describes emotional assessments on behalf of one’s ingroup, as an extension of appraisal theories of emotion.

Question 5

appraisal theories of emotions

Answer 5

describe people as evaluating stimuli initially as good-for-me versus bad-for-me, resulting in primitive positive–negative reactions.

Question 6

Enemy images theory

Answer 6

posits that national and ethnic stereotypes fit dimensions of relative status, relative power, and goal compatibility

Question 7

biocultural approach

Answer 7

views intergroup threat from a sociofunctional evolutionary perspective, emphasizing human interdependence, effective group functioning, and individual adaptation to the benefits and threats of group life.

Question 8

integrated threat theory (ITT)

Answer 8

incorporates many intergroup variables but focuses on one major emotion, anxiety, to predict attitudes.

probeert de componenten van waargenomen dreiging te beschrijven die tot vooroordelen tussen sociale groepen leiden. (google)

Question 9

dissociation model

Answer 9

prejudice first contrasted automatic and controlled attitudes toward outgroups.

suggests that stereotypes are a ‘default’ response for both high and low prejudice groups (google)

Question 10

motivation to avoid prejudice

Answer 10

a value-based compunction not to express intergroup biases.

Question 11

Phenotype

Answer 11

(appearance) often determines racial categorization.

Question 12

intergroup contact

Answer 12

describes encountering an outgroup – under certain conditions, reducing prejudice.

Question 13

role congruity theory

Answer 13

describes how observing the correlation between gender and roles leads to prejudices against women (and men) in nontraditional roles.

Question 14

prescriptive stereotypes

Answer 14

what a group should be.

Question 15

descriptive stereotype

Answer 15

what a group allegedly is

Question 16

parental investment models

Answer 16

posits that women commit more resources to parenthood because of pregnancy, lactation, and the opportunity costs they entail for reproduction

Question 17

Social role theory

Answer 17

describes how observing the correlation between gender and roles leads to gender stereotypes.

Question 18

biosocial approach

Answer 18

takes into account both genetic, physical differences among people and societal norms shaping their behavior, most applied to explaining gender roles, stereotypes, and prejudices.

Question 19

Terror management theory (TMT)

Answer 19

addresses how people cope with the dread of death when it comes to mind. TMT holds that people are biologically driven for self-preservation, and the threat of death is managed at both the cultural level, by developing worldviews that provide meaning and purpose, and at the individual level, through self-esteem.