Hoofdstuk 4

Question 1

Proposition

Answer 1

the most basic unit of meaning in a representation. It is the smallest statement that can be judged either true or false

Example: “The woman is elderly” or “The woman stands on the corner”

Question 2

Associative

Answer 2

relationship between 2 concepts

perceives two items as belonging together because they fit prior expectations (e.g., bacon–eggs).

Question 3

retrieval routes

Answer 3

proceed along node–link pathways; more links to a given node create more alternative paths.

Question 4

long-term memory

Answer 4

the vast store of information one can potentially bring to mind

Question 5

Short-term memory (working memory)

Answer 5

comprises information being considered at any given moment, contents of attention; in many memory models, the activated portion of long-term memory represents short-term memory or consciousness. The contents of short-term memory can be consolidated for storage in long-term memory.

Question 6

intermediate memory

Answer 6

Memory that is more about recent events opposed to long-term memory that is about remote events. Some models falls temporally between short-term and long-term
memory.

Question 7

PM-1 (Person Memory One)

Answer 7

an associative network model of social memory

Question 8

inconsistency advantage

Answer 8

describes superior memory for expectancy-incongruent information because of extra attention, its being surprising; this produces extra associative linkages for those items, increasing their alternative retrieval paths and probability of recall.

Question 9

anchoring and adjustment

Answer 9

describes basing a judgment on an arbitrary starting point and failing to move far enough away from it.

Question 10

online impressions

Answer 10

Impression from online information

Question 11

memory-based impression

Answer 11

constructs a coherent representation of another person, based on retrieval of previously received information

Question 12

person memory model

Answer 12

an associative network model of social memory.

Question 13

primacy effect

Answer 13

a cognitive bias and refers to an individual’s tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on.

Question 14

twofold retrieval by associative pathways (TRAP) model

Answer 14

a person memory model positing separate heuristic and exhaustive retrieval strategies, consistent with other dual-process models.

Question 15

associated systems theory (AST)

Answer 15

a person memory model positing that representations of other people develop through the use of four primary mental systems: (a) the visual system, (b) the verbal/semantic system, (c) the affective system, and (d) the action system.

Question 16

declarative memory

Answer 16

an associative long-term store of network concepts, the “what” of memory; it includes both semantic memory and episodic memory.

Question 17

semantic memory

Answer 17

represents facts, word meaning, and encyclopedic knowledge as part of declarative long-term memory.

Question 18

productions

Answer 18

procedural knowledge represented as condition–action pairs, or if–then statements.

Question 19

procedural memory

Answer 19

a type of long-term memory involving how to perform different actions and skills

Question 20

implicit memory

Answer 20

the influence of past judgmental processes on current judgments and reactions.

Question 21

serial process

Answer 21

proceed sequentially, for example, in the overall processes of encoding, memory retrieval, and response generally viewed as ordered steps.

Question 22

parallel distributed processing (PDP) model

Answer 22

models the structure of cognition wherein each basic unit participates in representing many different concepts, which are retrieved when the appropriate pattern of activation occurs across the basic units; developed as an alternative to serial models of mental structure.

Question 23

constraints

Answer 23

what units activate depending on the entire pattern of links

Question 24

connection strengths

Answer 24

the type and magnitude of association among features

Question 25

Connectionist models

Answer 25

parallel distributed processing ideas to focus on simultaneous activation of knowledge systems that depend on dynamic links more than rigid nodes. Only the strengths of connections are stored, so that the pattern can be re-created by activating parts of it and waiting for the connections to reverberate throughout the system until the entire pattern is activated.

Question 26

parallel constraint satisfaction theory

Answer 26

a single-mode alternative to dual-mode models, in which perceivers interpret and integrate a variety of incoming information simultaneously with accessing the relevant knowledge base, balancing mutual and immediate influence of both concrete and abstract inputs.

assumes that social stereotypes and individuating information such as traits or behaviors constrain each other’s meaning and jointly influence impressions of individuals. (google)

Question 27

connectionist model of impression formation

Answer 27

a parallel distributed model of both social perception and social learning.

Question 28

consolidation

Answer 28

a connectionist model describes adjusting long-term linkages in memory.

Question 29

set-size effect

Answer 29

the sheer result of acquiring more confirming information over less of it.

Question 30

competition

Answer 30

among cognitive links favors the successful (frequent) links strengthened at the expense of the less successful (less frequent) ones.

Question 31

primacy & recency

Answer 31

early information most influencing an evaluation or being most memorable & effect describes later information most influencing an evaluation or being most memorable

Question 32

tensor-product model

Answer 32

a connectionist group memory approach using Hebbian learning.

Question 33

Hebbian learning approach

Answer 33

describes associative learning by changing the strength of links between nerve cells; simultaneous activation strengthens the links, but does not provide for inhibition of unactivated links.

Question 34

dynamical perspective

Answer 34

describes social cognition in a connectionist model following Gestalt principles where for example concepts or people are adjacent nodes linked by mutual influence.

Question 35

Perceptual symbols

Answer 35

a neurophysiological re-enactment of a collection of perceptual representations

Question 36

Proprioception

Answer 36

the sense of one’s own bodily position from internal feedback

Question 37

Embodied

Answer 37

an effect where the body, its sensorimotor state, its morphology, or its mental representation play an instrumental role in information processing

Question 38

Imagery

Answer 38

conscious and specific about the sensory motor representation, as when you close your eyes and visualize your childhood home

Question 39

Conception

Answer 39

entails knowing about it without consciously retrieving visual (or other sensory motor) details

Question 40

Simulator

Answer 40

in perceptual symbol systems (PSS), first registers and later re-creates a perceptual experience, the pattern of brain activation created by selective attention at the perceptual stage. The simulator contains two kinds of structures: the underlying frame that integrates across categories of experience, and the simulation that creates the experience of a particular example on a particular occasion.

Question 41

frame

Answer 41

within the perceptual symbol systems (PSS) simulator, integrates across experiences within a category, to create the simulations of the experience of a particular example on a particular occasion.

Question 42

bottom-up

Answer 42

include sensory motor perceptions or any relatively concrete starting
point, stimulus-driven, or data-driven.

Question 43

top-down

Answer 43

processes include conception and imagery or any other relatively abstract, generalized starting point, conceptually-driven or theory-driven processes, heavily influenced by organized prior knowledge.

Question 44

situated action

Answer 44

depends entirely on the ecological context

Question 45

hard interface

Answer 45

is an early term anticipating embodied representations

Question 46

online cognition

Answer 46

occurs in the presence of the stimulus, rather than being a memory-based impression (also in contrast to offline cognition).

Question 47

offline cognition

Answer 47

is a term related to embodied cognition, when recreating perception without the original targets being present; it operates in the absence of the considered social object, in contrast to online cognition during interaction. Person memory research refers to this as a memory-based impression, but the hypothesized mechanisms differ.

Question 48

Gestalt representation

Answer 48

emphasizes perception of configurations in context

Question 49

fuzzy sets

Answer 49

reflect the idea that natural categories do not have necessary and
sufficient attributes.

groups whose components can have vague and varying degrees of membership (google)

Question 50

prototype

Answer 50

is the central tendency or average (mean or mode) of category
members.

Question 51

family resemblance

Answer 51

describes any given pair of category members sharing some features
with each other and other features with other category members.

Question 52

False alarms

Answer 52

mistakenly identify distracter items on the test as being part of the original set.

Question 53

norm theory

Answer 53

focuses on post hoc interpretation based on an encounter with a particular stimulus in a particular context, with the aim of judging whether the stimulus was normal or surprising; category and schema theories describe reasoning forward, norm theory describes reasoning backward.