Hoofdstuk 6

Question 1

Attribution

Answer 1

attempts to identify what factors give rise to what outcomes, describing how people infer other people’s dispositions and mental states from behavior and its causes.

Question 2

Dispositions

Answer 2

are people’s enduring personality or intentions, invariances across behaviors.

Question 3

abnormal condition

Answer 3

are circumstances of apparent failure, especially unexpected ones.

Question 4

mind perception

Answer 4

encompasses everyday mindreading: inferences about another’s mental states, including beliefs, but also intentions, desires, and feelings

Question 5

commonsense psychology

Answer 5

ordinary people’s everyday theories about each other.

Question 6

correspondent inference

Answer 6

Jones and Davis’s theory of how people infer other people’s intents and dispositions.

Question 7

ANOVA model

Answer 7

Kelley’s normative model of causal inference, drawing on distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency (also called the covariation model).

Question 8

emotional lability theory

Answer 8

when an emotion is felt, a physiological arousal occurs and the person uses the immediate environment to search for emotional cues to label the physiological arousal

Question 9

attributional theory of motivated behavior,

Answer 9

largely in the domains of achievement behavior and helping, articulates dimensions (locus, stability, and controllability) for understanding causal inference’s effects on expectations, emotions, and behavior.

Question 10

normative

Answer 10

idealized

Question 11

naive epistemology

Answer 11

describes the ways people think about and infer meaning from what occurs around them.

Question 12

dispositional properties

Answer 12

properties of physical objects in psychology things like: personality traits, efforts, moods, judgements, abilities, motives, or beliefs.

Question 13

invariances

Answer 13

are factors such as dispositional properties that reliably account especially for stable patterns of behavior.

Question 14

social desirability

Answer 14

describes people’s concern about how they appear to others, so it reflects the response valued by society.

Question 15

social role

Answer 15

the set of behavior expected of someone in a particular position.

Question 16

noncommon (unique) effects

Answer 16

the unique or at least distinctive outcomes of a particular choice or behavior

Question 17

hedonic relevance

Answer 17

whether another person’s action bears on (obstructs or promotes) the perceiver’s own self-interest and goals.

Question 18

personalism

Answer 18

the perceiver’s perception that the actor has intentionally targeted behavior to benefit or harm the perceiver.

Question 19

situationally constrained

Answer 19

whether contextual forces determine the behavior of the actor (versus the actor’s choice).

Question 20

Distinctiveness

Answer 20

whether a person’s behavior occurs only in the presence of a particular target (entity) or is directed toward many such entities.

Question 21

Consistency over Time/Modality

Answer 21

Does the effect occur each time the entity is present and regardless of the form of the interactions?
(For example, has she done this to him before and at other events as well as at parties?)

Question 22

Consensus

Answer 22

Do other people experience the same effect with respect to this entity? (For example, has she done this to other people?)

Question 23

normative model of inference

Answer 23

is a formal, idealized set of rules for validating attributions.

Question 24

false consensus effect

Answer 24

people’s tendency to assume that under the same circumstances other people would react in the same way.

Question 25

occurrences

Answer 25

behaviors that are involuntary or not completely voluntary, potentially caused by either internal/personal or external/situational factors.

Question 26

endogenous acts

Answer 26

voluntary actions committed as ends in themselves.

Question 27

exogenous acts

Answer 27

voluntary actions committed in service of other goals.

Question 28

multiple necessary causal schemas

Answer 28

characterized by the need for the presence of several contributing causes to produce an effect.

Question 29

multiple sufficient causal schemas

Answer 29

characterized by conditions in which a behavior may be due to any of several present causes.

Question 30

discounting principle

Answer 30

maintains that people reduce the importance of any one cause, given another sufficient cause.

Question 31

augmenting principle

Answer 31

maintains that people increase the value of a cause given no alternative causes.

Question 32

epinephrine

Answer 32

(alternately, adrenaline) acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter affecting the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate, constricting blood vessels, dilating air passages, as well as more generally stress and the fight-or-flight response.

Question 33

misattribution effect

Answer 33

shows that arousal or emotional reactions induced by one source can potentially be reattributed to another source; arousal due to threat, for example, can be reattributed to a neutral source, thereby reducing anxiety.

Question 34

extrinsic motivation

Answer 34

results from rewards external to the task, as in payment for

performance.

Question 35

stability

Answer 35

a dimension of causality indicates whether the cause will change and is strongly associated with subsequent expectations of success or failure.

Question 36

locus

Answer 36

a dimension of causality concerns whether an individual attributes an outcome to internal or external factors; it links to changes in selfesteem-related emotions such as pride and shame in self-attributions and to admiration or pity in other-attributions.

Question 37

controllability

Answer 37

a dimension of causality relates to whether a person can influence the outcome at will

Question 38

Identification

Answer 38

operates toward attitudes that enhance belonging with valued groups.

Question 39

Inference

Answer 39

means judgment and decision making on the basis of uncertain, incomplete, or ambiguous evidence. Processes are often controlled but may include heuristics or other shortcuts.

Question 40

subtractive rule

Answer 40

holds that inhibiting situational inducements augment and facilitating situational inducements attenuate the diagnostic value of the identified behavior regarding the corresponding disposition.

Question 41

categorization stage

Answer 41

an initial relatively automatic part of the attribution process, perceives the stimulus configuration as characteristic of certain types of behavior.

Question 42

characterization stage

Answer 42

an initial relatively automatic part of the attribution process, attributes dispositional qualities to an action.

Question 43

correction phase

Answer 43

a late relatively controlled part of the attribution process, uses situational and other information to discount or augment the initial dispositional attribution.

Question 44

X system (reflexive)

Answer 44

involves the amygdala, dorsal anterior cingulate, basal ganglia, ventro medial prefrontal cortex, and lateral temporal cortex, all regions implicated in automatic processing.

Question 45

C system (reflective)

Answer 45

involves the lateral prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate, posterior parietal cortex, and the medial temporal lobe regions, all implicated in controlled processing.

Question 46

fundamental attribution error (see also fundamental attribution error)

Answer 46

over-attributes another person’s behavior to dispositional causes, rather than taking account of situational factors.

Question 47

correspondence bias (see also fundamental attribution error)

Answer 47

over-attributes another person’s behavior to dispositional causes, rather than taking account of situational factors.

Question 48

circumscribed accuracy

Answer 48

provides valid predictions of another person’s behavior in specific situations, often ones where perceiver and target overlap.

Question 49

actor–observer effect

Answer 49

maintains that people explain other people’s behavior as due to dispositional factors but their own behavior as due to situational factors.

Question 50

self-serving attributional bias

Answer 50

the tendency to take credit for success and deny responsibility for failure.

Question 51

group-serving bias (see ultimate attribution error)

Answer 51

the tendency of group members to attribute positive actions committed by their own group to positive ingroup qualities, and negative actions committed by the ingroup to external causes, and vice versa for the outgroup.

Question 52

self-centered attribution bias

Answer 52

consists of taking more than one’s share of credit or responsibility for a jointly produced outcome

Question 53

naive realism

Answer 53

people’s idea that other people in general, especially those who disagree with them, are more susceptible to bias than they are themselves.

Question 54

Attributions of responsibility

Answer 54

concern who or what is accountable for an event, especially if negatively valenced.

Question 55

Defensive attribution

Answer 55

refers to the idea that people attribute more human responsibility for actions that produce severe rather than mild consequences.

Question 56

Actions

Answer 56

voluntary behaviors that are always internally caused, consisting of two subtypes: endogenous acts (ends) and exogenous acts (means).

Question 57

intrinsic motivation

Answer 57

results from the rewards inherent to the task, such as enjoyment.