Hoofdstuk 2

Question 1

mindlessness

Answer 1

a cognitively dis-engaged, generally clueless, uncritical, essentially automatic responding.

Question 2

automaticity

Answer 2

is unintentional, uncontrollable, efficient, autonomous, and outside awareness (see preconscious automaticity).

Question 3

Subliminal priming

Answer 3

occurs when a concept is activated by the environment, but at exposure times below consciousness; it registers on the senses but not on awareness.

Question 4

amygdala

Answer 4

one of a pair of small brain regions (often described as almondshaped and sized), implicated in emotions and motivational relevance, but most clearly in fear.

Question 5

valence

Answer 5

the positive or negative evaluation attached to an entity.

Question 6

orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 6

the prefrontal cortex area just behind the eyes, implicated in reward
processing.

Question 7

striatum

Answer 7

part of the brain’s basal ganglia, has in its ventral (lower) aspect been implicated in automatic reward processing.

Question 8

subliminal prime

Answer 8

A prime that is strong enough to subconsciously register but not strong enough to become aware of it

Question 9

preconscious automaticity

Answer 9

form of automatic processing, in which people are not aware of the priming cue, nor of its effects on their reaction to a relevant stimulus

Question 9

postconscious automaticity

Answer 9

conscious perception of the prime but no awareness of its effects on subsequent reactions.

Question 10

chronically accessible concepts

Answer 10

reflect individual differences in how people habitually code other people, especially particular trait dimensions that tend to capture attention and repeatedly surface in impressions.

Question 11

proceduralization

Answer 11

the practice process that develops automaticity; it generalizes processes from specific repeated experiences, sometimes viewed as the second step of a two-step process of compilation.

Question 12

controlled process

Answer 12

the perceiver’s conscious intent substantially determining their operation

Question 13

goal-dependent automaticity

Answer 13

initially intentional and often conscious, but also partially automatic, according to some criteria: lack of awareness of the process itself, not needing to monitor the process to completion, and lack of intending all the specific outcomes.

Question 14

goal

Answer 14

mental representations of desired outcomes; they include intended behavior sequences with preferred outcomes

Question 15

habits

Answer 15

behaviors repeated frequently, without much thought.

Question 16

spontaneous trait inferences

Answer 16

accessible trait attributions coming to mind when interpreting behavior; they bind the trait implications of a behavior to the person committing the behavior.

Question 17

goal inconsistent automaticity

Answer 17

occurs when a person’s own unwanted responses are governed by cognitive factors outside control and awareness (see thought suppression).

“Don’t think about x” will cause you to think about x how hard you try not to. And this can also happen on an automatic or subconscious level

Question 18

rebound effect

Answer 18

The suppression of a thought can cause a vengeance of that thought

Question 19

Rumination

Answer 19

repetitive, counterproductive thinking

Question 20

Intentional thought

Answer 20

characterized by having options, most obviously by making the hard choice, and enacted by paying attention to implementing the intent.

Question 21

auto-motives

Answer 21

situations automatically cuing certain motives

Question 22

conscious will

Answer 22

experienced when a thought precedes, fits, and explains a subsequent action

Question 23

agency

Answer 23

personal authorship of an outcome, the ability to intend and take autonomous action (generally human, but often associated with male stereotypes).

Question 24

consciousness

Answer 24

variously defined as: stream of thought; attention; being aware of a cognition; being aware that it reflects one’s behavior even though one might not be able to report on it; an epiphenomenon irrelevant to ongoing mental processes; an executive that directs mental structures; a necessary condition for human understanding and intent; a constructed device; allowing the formation of new associations; the internal stimulus field composed of thoughts, emotional experiences, and body sensations; being awake and mindful; having a subjective experience available for report and intentional use.

Question 25

metacognition

Answer 25

a second-order form of consciousness, people’s beliefs about their own thinking processes

Question 26

stimulus dependent

Answer 26

focused on the current environment

Question 27

stimulus independent (mind-wandering)

Answer 27

does not relate to the current environment

Question 28

Mind-wandering

Answer 28

stimulus-independent thought

Question 29

operant thought

Answer 29

instrumental and problem-solving, goal-directed, volitional, progress-monitoring, protected against external and internal distractions, contrasted with respondent thought

Question 30

respondent thought

Answer 30

neither volitional nor effortful but receptive; it constitutes all the ordinary distractions of unbidden images, contrasted with operant thought.

Question 31

Experience-sampling

Answer 31

methods query respondents for self-reports at random moments during daily life.

Question 32

Probes

Answer 32

experimenter-determined signals to respond according to previous instructions, such as reporting what one is currently thinking, feeling, or doing.

Question 33

naturalistic social cognition

Answer 33

studies ask participants to view tapes of their own spontaneous interaction and report what they were thinking and feeling at specific moments.

Question 34

role-play participation

Answer 34

asks participants to imagine themselves in a partial or overheard interaction and report reactions to it.

Question 35

belonging

Answer 35

a motive to have relationships and be accepted by other people, especially one’s group.

Question 36

understanding

Answer 36

motives aim for socially shared cognition, the belief that one’s views correspond to those of one’s group.

Question 37

controlling

Answer 37

strive to influence one’s own outcomes that depend on other people.

Question 38

urgency

Answer 38

motivates quick decisions

Question 39

permanence

Answer 39

lasting decisions

Question 40

Self-enhancement

Answer 40

the tendency to seek and maintain a favorable or at least improvable self-concept.

Question 41

Trust

Answer 41

viewing people, at least in one’s own group, positively until proven otherwise

Question 42

oxytocin

Answer 42

a hormone associated with social attachment

Question 43

dual-process model of impression formation

Answer 43

contrasts choice points that result in relatively automatic processes such as initial identification or categorization using images versus more deliberate personalized concepts or individuated subtypes and exemplars.

Question 44

continuum model of impression formation

Answer 44

compares immediate relatively automatic categorization based on sex, race, age, etc., with intermediate processing by subtypes, going toward full individuation by attributes.

Question 45

category-based responses

Answer 45

include cognition, affect, and behavior that react to an individual on the basis of perceived social group membership

Question 46

attribute-based responses

Answer 46

in contrast to category-based ones, describe piecemeal impression formation that incorporates the details of the individual

Question 47

dual-process model of overconfident attribution

Answer 47

contrasts relatively automatic identification of behavior with more controlled explanations.

Question 48

identification stage

Answer 48

attribution processes describes initial labeling of a behavior

Question 49

cognitive busyness model

Answer 49

model splits a first automatic stage into categorization of behavior and its characterization in dispositional terms, followed by a controlled correction for situational factors only if the perceiver is not cognitively busy.

Question 50

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 50

a dual-process model of attitude change, describes two routes to persuasion: the central route, via thoughtful evaluation of message arguments, and the peripheral route, via relatively automatic use of superficial cues.

Question 51

peripheral & central

Answer 51

peripheral (more automatic, superficial)

central (more deliberate, controlled)

Question 52

heuristic-systematic model

Answer 52

a dual-process theory of attitude change, contrasts relatively automatic processes of persuasion driven by shortcuts versus relatively controlled systematic processes. It proposes thoughtful processes, only given sufficient motivation and capacity; otherwise, people use faster, easier cognitive shortcuts.

Question 53

systematic processing

Answer 53

the heuristic-systematic model’s thoughtful, effortful mode, which involves evaluating the pros and cons of a message’s arguments.

Question 54

heuristic processing

Answer 54

the heuristic-systematic model’s rapid, easy shortcuts to attitude change

Question 55

System 1 versus System 2

Answer 55

developed by Kahneman, contrast intuition versus reason in decision-making

Question 56

unimode model

Answer 56

builds on lay epistemic theory of ordinary knowledge to propose that people’s subjective understanding essentially tests their everyday hypotheses using available evidence, not needing to differentiate more automatic and more controlled modes.

Question 57

epistemic theory of ordinary knowledge

Answer 57

a form of knowledge that not only allows one to epistemically access the world, but also enables the formulation of models of it, with different degrees of reliability.

Question 58

parallel processes

Answer 58

proceed simultaneously, for example, activating many related pathways at once

Question 59

frontal lobe

Answer 59

encompasses the anterior (forward) regions of the brain.

Question 60

Lateral

Answer 60

describes the sides of the brain

Question 61

basal ganglia

Answer 61

located at the base of the forebrain and implicated in motor control; relevant to social cognition, this area includes the striatum, itself implicated in automatic monitoring of reward.