Hoofdstuk 6 Flashcards
Health Behavior
any activity people perform to maintain/improve their health, regardless of their perceived health status or whether the behavior actually achieves that goals
- engaging in healthful behavior depends on motivational factors, particularly with regards to the person’s perception of a threat of disease, the value in the behavior in reducing this threat, and the attractiveness of the opposite behavior
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Symptom-Based Behavior -
any activity people who are ill undertake to determine the problem and find a remedy
- Sick-Role behavior = activity to threat or adjust to a health problem after deciding that they are ill and what the illness is
3 levels of illness prevention
1) Primary prevention - actions taken to avoid disease or injury
2) Secondary Prevention - actions to identify and treat an illness or injury early, with the aim to stop/reverse the problem
3) Tertiary Prevention - actions to contain or retard (lasting/irreversible) damage, prevent disability or recurrence and rehabilitate the patient
Operant Conditioning (behavior changes because of its consequences)
1) Reinforcement
2) Extinction of the consequences
3) Punishment of unwanted consequence
Antecedents
internal or external stimuli that precede and set the occasion for a behavior
Health Belief Model
the likelihood that a person will take preventive action depends directly on the outcome of 2 assessments she makes:
1) perceived threat
2) pros and cons of taking the action
3 factors influence the perceived threat (of the health problem)
1) perceived seriousness
2) perceived susceptibility to the health problem
3) cues to action
- pros and cons: people assess the benefits and the barriers or costs they perceive in taking action
- barriers may include financial, psychosocial and physical considerations
According to the Theory of Planned Behavior (the expanded version of the Theory of Reasoned Action)
people decide their intention in advance of most voluntary behaviors and intentions are the best predictors
3 judgments determine a person’s intention:
1) attitude regarding the behavior (outcome/outcome rewarding?)
2) subjective norm (social pressure or influence)
3) perceived behavioral control
Stages of Change Model (transtheoretical model)
people who are currently in 1 stage show different psychosocial characteristics from people in other stages
- Precontemplation - considering changing
- Contemplation - aware of problem + seriously considering (not ready for commitment)
- Preparation - ready to try to change, plan to pursue goal
- Action - 6 months start of successful/active efforts
- Maintenance - maintaining the successful behavioral changes
- help people advance through the stages
1) describe the change in detail
2) plan for problems - matching an intervention to people’s stage of readiness improves its success in changing unhealthful behaviors
Motivated Reasoning
people search for reasons to accept supportive information and discount disconfirming information
Conflict THEORY
the cognitive sequence people use in making important decisions starts when an event challenges their current course of action or lifestyle
- Challenge = threat or opportunity
People’s coping with decisional conflict depends on their perceptions of
the presence or absence of risk, hope and adequate time
- hypervigilance (frantically looking for solution)
- vigilance (rational choices) = most adaptive coping pattern
Message Framing
refers to whether the information emphasizes the benefits (gains) or costs (losses) associated with behavior or decision
- Gain-Framed = prevent/recover from illness or injury
- Loss-Framed = for people with high self-efficacy for the behavior or high-perceived risk for disease
Fear messages for changing unhealthful behavior are most persuasive when:
- emphasize organic + social consequences (= perceived seriousness)
- presented as personal testimonial
- provide specific instructions
- help bolster people’s confidence or self-efficacy before beginning
Motivational Interviewing
counselling style designed to help individuals explore and resolve their ambivalence in changing a behavior
- decisional balance
- personalised feedback
Behavioral Methods
focus directly on enhancing people’s performance of the preventive act by managing its antecedents and consequences
- consequences need to be matched to the person
