Hoofdstuk 1

Question 1

common thought about health in terms of “absence of… “

Answer 1

1) objective signs that the body is not functioning properly (high blood pressure)
2) subjective symptoms of disease or injury such as pain or nausea

Question 2

Health

Answer 2

a positive state of physical, mental and social well-being (not simply the absence of injury or disease) that varies over time along a continuum

Question 3

Hippocrates (Father of Medicine)’ theory of Humors

Answer 3

body contains 4 fluids (humors). When the mixture of these fluids is harmoneous or balanced, we are in a state of health. Disease occurs when the mixture is faulty.
Remedy: good food and avoiding excesses to achieve humoral balance

Plato: mind and body are separate entities

Question 4

Body:

Answer 4

Refers to our physical being, including our skin/bones/heart/brain
Mind: refers to an abstract process that includes our thoughts, perceptions and feelings.

The question of the relationship between body and mind is the mind/body problem

Question 5

St. Thomas Aquinas

Answer 5

rejected the view that mind and body are separate and saw them as interrelated
» Renaissance 14e/15e eeuw «

Question 6

René Descartes (17e eeuw)

Answer 6

Body and Soul separate
- introduced 3 important innovations:
1) body is a machine and he described how action and sensation occurred
2) mind and body can communicate through the pineal gland - an organ in the brain
3) animals have no soul and our souls leave our body after death

Question 7

Biomedical Model

Answer 7

• assumes that disease is an affliction of the body and is separate from the psychological and social processes of the mind
• proposes that all diseases or physical disorders can be explained by disturbances in physiological processes, from injury/biochemical inbalances/ bacterial or viral infetion etc
• the person, as unique individual, is not included in the biomedical model

Question 8

Risk Factors

Answer 8

characteristics or conditions that are associated with the development of a disease or injury
- biological (genes)
- behavioral

“behavior matters” - fisher et al 2011

Question 9

Personality

Answer 9

refers to a persons cognitive, affective or behavioral tendencies that are fairly stable across time and situations

Question 10

Psychosomatic Medicine (‘30s)

Answer 10

Now: American Psychosomatic Society
Psychosomatic: mind and body are both involved
’70s: study role of psychology in illness
- interdisciplinary field that includes physicians and behavioral scientists, close to medicine/psychiatry for understanding and treating physical illness

Question 11

Behavioral Medicine

Answer 11

• interdisciplinary members
• behaviorism
  1) classical conditioning: conditioned stimulus gains the ability to elicit a response through association with the unconditioned stimulus that already elicits that response
  2) operant conditioning: behavior is changed, because of the consequences (reward or punishment)
• also interdisciplinary
• focus on interventions that promote healthy lifestyle without drugs/surgery

Question 12

Health Psychology

Answer 12

• Biofeedback: whereby a person’s physiological processes, such as blood pressure, are monitored by the person, so that she can gain voluntary control over them
• Operant Conditioning: Feedback = Reward
• based in psychology
• clinical, social, developmental, experimental, physiological
• to identify and alter lifestyle and emotional processes that lead to illness and to improve functioning and recovery

Question 13

APA Health Psychology Division

Answer 13

4 goals:
1) promote and maintain health
2) prevent and treat illness
3) identify the causes and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction
4) analyze and improve health care systems and health policy

Question 14

Biopsychosocial Model

Answer 14

expands the biomedical view by adding to biological factors connections to psychological and social factors
- all 3 factors affect and are affected by the person’s health

Question 15

Biological Factors

Answer 15

genetic materials and processes
function and structure of a person’s physiology

Question 16

Psychological Factors

Answer 16

• cognition: mental activity that encompasses perceiving/teaming/remembering/thinking/interpreting/believing and problem solving

Question 17

Emotion

Answer 17

subjective feeling that affects and is affected by our thoughts behavior and physiology

Question 18

Motivation

Answer 18

the process within individuals that gets them to start some activity, choose its direction and persist in it

Question 19

System (Engel)

Answer 19

a dynamic entity with components that are continuously interrelated

Question 20

Body = System

Answer 20

includes the immune and nervous systems which consist of tissues and cells

Question 21

in the “Life-Span-Perspective”

Answer 21

characteristics of a person are considered with respect to their prior development, current level, and likely development in the future

Question 22

Stressful adverse childhood experiences (emotional/physical abuse, poverty, unstable family life)

Answer 22

can increase the risk of developing several adult diseases (years later) by altering the person’s response to stress

Question 23

Mortality

Answer 23

Death (on a larger scale)
Morbidity: any detectable departe from wellness
Prevalence: number of cases
Incidence: number of new cases

Question 24

Sociocultural factors

Answer 24

involving or relating to social and cultural factors, such as ethnic and income variations within and across nations

Question 25

Theory

Answer 25

tentative explanation of why and under what circumstances certain events occur
- theories offer predictions and this guides the research with a roadmap

Question 26

Variable

Answer 26

any measurable characteristic of people, objects or events that may change
- independent variable = studied for its potential or expected influence
- dependent variable = assessed because its value is expected to depend on the independent variable

Question 27

Experiment (trial)

Answer 27

controlled study, in which researchers manipulate an independent variable to study its affect on a dependent variable

Question 28

To make a cause-effect conclusion, 3 criteria must be met

Answer 28

1) levels of the independent and dependent variables corresponded or varied together
2) cause preceded effect
3) all other plausible causes have been ruled out

Question 29

Quasi-Experimental studies

Answer 29

look like experiments, but the subjects were not randomly assigned to groups
- ex post facto study: subjects are categorized and placed in groups on the basis of an existing variable or circumstance (conclusions are basically correlational)

Question 30

Retrospective approach

Answer 30

uses procedures that look back at the history and find commonalities

Question 31

Prospective approach

Answer 31

looks forward by studying whether differences in a variable at one point in time are related to differences in another variable at a later time
(both developed by epidemiologists and useful in identifying risk factors)

Question 32

The influence of having been born and raised at a different time is called a “cohort effect”

Answer 32

= group of people who have a demograpic factor in common

Question 33

Telomeres

Answer 33

the tips of each chromosome that contain DNA structures
- they shorten with stress, age, lengthen with beneficial diets

Question 34

Twins

Answer 34

monozygotic (identical) diozygotic (fraternal)

Question 35

PKU

Answer 35

PhenylKetonutia - inherited disease that can be controlled by modifying victims’ behavior

Question 36

Central Nervous System

Answer 36

consists of brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System: composed of the remaining network of neurons throughout the body

Question 37

Brain

Answer 37

1) Forebrain: uppermost part of the brain
2) Telencephalon (achterkant)
- limbic system
- cerebrum
3) Diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus

General rule: areas toward the top and outer regions of the brain are involved in our perceptual, motor, learning and conceptual activities
- regions toward the center and bottom of the brain are involved mainly in controlling internal and automatic body functions and in transmitting information to and from the Telencephalon

Cerebrum:
- largest portion of brain
- includes cerebral cortex (outermost layer) controls complex motor and mental activity
- left/right hemisphere
- motor cortex on each side, control motor movements on the other side

Question 38

Left Hemispere

Answer 38

areas that handle reasoning, spoken and written language, numerical skills

Question 39

Right Hemispere

Answer 39

visual imagery, emotions, perceptions of patterns (bv melodies)

Question 40

Frontal Lobe-temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe

Answer 40

frontal lobe contains motor cortex (skeletal muscle control). Mental activities: association of ideas, planning, self-awareness and emotion

temporal lobe: hearing/vision/memory
occipital lobe: principal visual lobe
parietal lobe: body sensations + body movement

Limbic System: important in expressing emotions (fear, excitement). Erfelijkheid bepaalt mogelijk de structuur en functie van Limbic System

Question 41

Diencephalon

Answer 41

1) Thalamus: pivotal structure in the flow of information in the nervous system
- chief relay station for directing sensory message (pain/visual) to appropriate points in the cerebrum (occipital/parietal lobe)
- also commands skeletal muscles from motor cortex of cerebrum

2) Hypothalamus: small structure
- important note in emotions + motivation (affects eating/drinking/sexual activity)
- rare disease can cause people to become overweight
- maintains homeostasis

Question 42

Cerebellum

Answer 42

• back of the brain
• coordinate movements
• maintain body balance
• nerve connections to motor cortex of cerebrum + most sense organs of body
• makes our actions precise and well-coordinated

Ataxia: when cerebellum injured. movements become jerky and uncoordinated

Question 43

Brainstem

Answer 43

4 parts:
1) midbrain (top) : receives information from visual and auditory systems, important in muscle movement

2) pons : eye movements, facial expressions, chewing

3) reticular system : network of neurons, important for controlling states of sleep arousal and attention

4) medulla : vital centers that control breathing, heartbeat rate, diameter of blood vessels (which affect blood pressure). an injury is life threatening

Question 44

Spinal Cord

Answer 44

• neural pathway that transmits messages between brain and various parts of the body
• contains neurons that carry impulses Away From (efferent) and Toward (afferent) the brain

Efferent (down) commands produce muscle movement
Afferent (Up) impulses carry messages from sense organs

• the higher the region of the cord, the higher the parts of the body to which it connects

Question 45

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 45

1) Somatic Nervous System: involved in both sensory and motor functions, serving mainly the skin and skeletal muscles
2) Automatic Nervous System: activates internal organs (lungs, intestines) and reports to the brain the current state of activity of these organs:

*Sympathetic Nervous System - helps us mobilize and expend energy in responding to emergencies, expressing strong emotions and performing strenuous activity (acts in agreement to emotional state)

*Parasympathetic Nervous System - regulates “quiet” or calming processes, helping our individual organ systems conserve and store energy

• communication within the peripheral nervous system is handled by 12 sets of cranial nerves (most originate in brainstem)
• Vagus Nerve - extends from brain stem to most major body organs and is directly involved in the regulation of sympathetic/parasympathetic activity